A review on low-dimensional physics-based models of systemic arteries: application to estimation of central aortic pressure

Table 4 Comparison of Windkessel, 1D and tube-load models

Model type	Windkessel models	1D models	Tube-load models
Model structure	Including capacitors, resistors and inductance	Dividing the arterial tree into many small segments	Consisting of multiple tubes with terminal loads
Model parameters	Few	A lot	Few
Model parameters	Easy to estimate	Difficult to estimate	Easy to estimate
Complexity	Low	High	Moderate
Accuracy	Low	High	Moderate
Simulate wave propagation and reflection phenomenon	No	Yes	Yes
Inflow condition	Aortic flow function	Aortic flow or pressure waveforms	Aortic pressure waveforms
	Aortic pressure waveforms	Aortic flow function
	Aortic pressure waveforms	Heart model
Outflow condition	Venous pressure	Pure resistance	Windkessel model
		Windkessel model	Generic pole-zero model
		Structured-tree model	Pressure
		Pressure	Pressure
Geometrical and mechanical properties	None	Vessel diameter, length, thickness, elasticity and blood viscosity	Vessel length and elasticity