Three-dimensional cardiac computational modelling: methods, features and applications

Table 1 Current personalisation possibilities in 3D cardiac computational modelling

Features		Technique		Invasiveness
*Anatomy*		Segmentation of in-vivo image		Non-invasive
*Fibre orientation*		Image-based estimation (in-vivo DTI)		Non-invasive
*Cardiac conduction system*		PMJs from EAMs		Invasive
*Pathology* (Structural remodelling)	*Anatomical variations*	Clinical image-based		Non-invasive
	*Localised fibrosis*	Image-based (e.g. DE-MRI)		Non-invasive
	*Localised fibrosis*	EAMs		Invasive
	*Diffuse fibrosis*	Image-based (T1 mapping MRI)		Non-invasive
*Electrophysiology*	*Action potential*	NO
	*Heterogeneity*	NO
	*Electrical remodelling*	NO
	*Genetic mutations*	NO
	*Conduction velocities*	Global:	ECG	Non-invasive
	*Conduction velocities*	Local:	EAMs	Invasive
	*APD restitution curve*	EAMs		Invasive
	*Extracellular ion concentrations*	Blood test (electrolyte concentrations) (time-variant)		Invasive
	*Activation pattern*	ECG or BSPM		Non-invasive
	*Activation pattern*	EAMs		Invasive
*Cardiac mechanics*	*Biomechanical model*	Dynamic image-based		Non-invasive
	*Material properties*	NO
	*Boundary conditions*	Dynamic image-based		Non-invasive

This table shows the techniques that can be currently used to personalise the different features and components of a 3D cardiac computational model aimed at biophysical simulation, specifying whether the technique is invasive or non-invasive.

ISSN: 1475-925X