Fig. 3

Versatile detection capabilities of the trained network. The red boxes represent the actual locations of wounds, whilst the green boxes show the predicted locations by the model. The following scenarios demonstrate the capabilities of the bounding box detection model. A Bounding box detection of a visible wound with surrounding box, confidence level, and bounding box area in pixels. B Early detection of a DFU, even with partial skin coverage, before debridement. C Successful DFU detection in challenging conditions like a bright background with a post-debridement ulcer. D detection of multiple ulcers in a single image. E Accurate detection of diverse skin tones, including dark skin. F Network specificity by correctly excluding a wound on the ankle from DFU detection. G and H illustrate failed cases where the second wound on the left foot is missed in G, and red nail polish is mistakenly marked as DFUs in H