Table 4 Turning measures and their ability to differentiate between subject groups

Turn angle

Middle-aged adults vs. older adults* [74]

Young adults vs. Middle-aged adults* [74]; older adults vs. pwMS* [75]; PD patients vs. controls [58]

Turn angle variability*

Young adults vs. middle-aged adults [74]; middle-aged adults vs. older adults [74]; middle-aged adults vs. pwMS [75];

–

Turn duration

Non-frail vs. frail [73]; pre-frail vs. frail [73]; middle-aged adults vs. older adults* [74]; middle-aged adults vs. pwMS*[75]; post-stroke patients vs. controls[72]

Multiple fallers vs. non-fallers [76]; young adults vs. middle-aged adults* [74]; PD patients vs. controls [58]

Turn duration variability*

Middle-aged adults vs. pwMS [75];

Young adults vs. middle-aged adults [74]; middle-aged adults vs. older adults [74];

Mean turn velocity

Non-frail vs. frail [73]; pre-frail vs. frail [73]; older adults vs. PD non-freezers [63]; older adults vs. PD freezers [63]; post-stroke patients vs. controls [72]

PD freezers vs. PD non-freezers [63];

Peak turn velocity

Older adults vs. PD non-freezers [63]; middle-aged adults vs. older adults* [74]; middle-aged adults vs. pwMS* [75]; older adults vs. PD freezers [63];

PD freezers vs. PD non-freezers [63]; young adults vs. middle-aged adults* [74]; older adults vs. pwMS* [75];

Peak turn velocity variability*

Young adults vs. middle-aged adults [74]; middle-aged adults vs. pwMS [75];

Middle-aged adults vs. older adults [74]

FOG ratio

Older adults vs. PD freezers [63]; PD freezers vs. PD non-freezers [63];

–

Jerkiness

Older adults vs. PD freezers [63]; PD freezers vs. PD non-freezers [63];

–

Pelvis onset time

Multiple fallers vs. non-fallers [76]

–

Mean head–trunk angle

Multiple fallers vs. non-fallers [76]

–

Peak trunk–pelvis angle

Multiple fallers vs. non-fallers [76]

–

Mean trunk–pelvis angle

Multiple fallers vs. non-fallers [76]

–

Number of steps

PD patients vs. controls [58]

–

Number of cycles

Post-stroke patients vs. controls [71, 72]

–

Mean angular velocity in flexion–extension

Post-stroke patients vs. controls [72]

–

Mean angular velocity in lateral bending

Post-stroke patients vs. controls [72]

–