Fig. 1

Respiratory system parameter changes from baseline to post-exercise in temperatures of 0, 10, and 20 \(^{\circ }\)C within the asthma group. Demonstrated p values in the figure show the post-hoc analysis which is either Tukey HSD tests or pairwise signed-ranks tests. R\(_5\), respiratory system resistance at 5 Hz; X\(_5\), respiratory system reactance at 5 Hz; A\(_\text{x}\), reactance area, and F\(_\text{res}\), resonance frequency. *Represents \(0.01< p < 0.05\), ** \(0.0001< p < 0.01\), and *** \(p < 0.0001\) for comparison between study arms