Fig. 3

The cluster graph provided a visual representation of the relative correlation between radiomics features, clinic-radiological scores, and histological types in a set of representative patients. CT images (a–e upper) and corresponding histological images (a–e lower, magnification × 200) of five representative patients are displayed. Patient 1, a 53-year-old woman with adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS), exhibited a CT image in the left upper lobe showing a ground-glass nodule (GGN) within a foci solid component (a). Patient 2, a 74-year-old woman with minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (MIA), presented a CT image in the right upper lobe displaying a GGN within a blurred vessel (b). Patient 3, a 58-year-old woman with well-differentiated invasive adenocarcinoma (WIAC), demonstrated a CT image in the right lower lobe depicting a mixed GGN with lobulation, short speculation, and pleural retraction (c). Patient 4, a 53-year-old woman with moderately differentiated invasive adenocarcinoma (MIAC), showed a CT image in the right lower lobe exhibiting a solid nodule (SN) with lobulation, short speculation, and pleural retraction (d). Patient 5, a 70-year-old man with poorly differentiated invasive adenocarcinoma (PIAC), presented a CT image in the right upper lobe revealing an SN with lobulation, more short speculation, pleural retraction, and vascular convergence (e). Furthermore, a comparison of 36 radiomics features and the clinic-radiological score among the five patients is illustrated in panel (f)