Table 2 Descriptive value of each group’s fall-related concerns, sensory inputs, and muscle strength
Variables | Name | Group 1 (\(n_1 = 18\)) | Group 2 (\(n_2 = 20\)) | Group 3 (\(n_3 = 7\)) | All(\(n = 45\)) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
\(x_1\) | FES-I (\(mean \pm sd\)) | 21 ± 4 | 19 ± 3 | 24 ± 7 | 21 ± 4.5 |
\(x_2\) | Reaction time(ms) \(mean \pm sd\) | 387 ± 59 | 361 ± 76 | 416 ± 141 | 397 ± 106 |
\(x_3\) | Eyesight (\(mean \pm sd\)) | 0.78 ± 0.13 | 0.72 ± 0.22 | 0.74 ± 0.17 | 0.75 ± 0.18 |
\(x_4\) | Touch sensation left foot (g) | 3 ± 3.4 | 3.4 ± 3 | 3.25 ± 3.31 | 3.24 ± 3.14 |
\(x_5\) | Touch sensation right foot (g) | 3.73 ± 3.57 | 3.4 ± 3.05 | 4.6 ± 3.8 | 3.75 ± 3.34 |
\(x_6\) | Neck proprioception left (degree) | 4.6 ± 3.6 | 3.15 ± 3.6 | 3.75 ± 2.4 | 4 ± 3.15 |
\(x_7\) | Neck proprioception right (degree) | 4.54 ± 3.79 | 3.28 ± 2.57 | 3.7 ± 2.27 | 3.97 ± 2.99 |
\(x_8\) | Knee proprioception left (degree) | 7.25 ± 6.28 | 5.42 ± 5.91 | 6.48 ± 3.0 | 6.32 ± 5.68 |
\(x_{9}\) | Knee proprioception right (degree) | 6.47 ± 5.12 | 5.08 ± 3.84 | 6.9 ± 3.43 | 5.6 ± 3.76 |
\(x_{10}\) | Ankle proprioception left (degree) | 4.73 ± 3.9 | 4.05 ± 2.17 | 4.67 ± 2.12 | 4.61 ± 2.93 |
\(x_{11}\) | Ankle proprioception right (degree) | 5.79 ± 5.05 | 4.39 ± 2.44 | 5.81 ± 3.9 | 5.13 ± 3.9 |
\(x_{12}\) | Hip extension left (N.m) | 45.33 ± 18.46 | 49.43 ± 16.96 | 48.88 ± 20.11 | 47.29 ± 19.89 |
\(x_{13}\) | Hip extension right (N.m) | 50.62 ± 22.84 | 53.14 ± 20.84 | 51.10 ± 21.52 | 51.68 ± 22.86 |
\(x_{14}\) | Hip abduction left (N.m) | 48.22 ± 21.07 | 54.36 ± 22.4 | 51.36 ± 25.63 | 51.19 ± 23.73 |
\(x_{15}\) | Hip abduction right(N.m) | 54.38 ± 22.93 | 58.06 ± 19.93 | 52.79 ± 31.16 | 55.53 ± 24.87 |
\(x_{16}\) | Knee extension left (N.m) | 86.18 ± 26.15 | 89.5 ± 19.01 | 87.05 ± 29.71 | 86.61 ± 29.04 |
\(x_{17}\) | Knee extension right (N.m) | 79.94 ± 26.51 | 87.88 ± 28.94 | 87.38 ± 25.87 | 84.25 ± 29.83 |
\(x_{18}\) | Knee flexion left (N.m) | 66.08 ± 19.31 | 73.37 ± 27.54 | 67.86 ± 22.67 | 67.79 ± 24.51 |
\(x_{19}\) | Knee flexion right (N.m) | 69.45 ± 22.51 | 76.46 ± 29.85 | 69.58 ± 24.28 | 70.45 ± 26.87 |
\(x_{20}\) | Ankle dorsal flexion left (N.m) | 21.66 ± 5.39 | 26.15 ± 6.23 | 20.74 ± 9.1 | 21.79 ± 7.91 |
\(x_{21}\) | Ankle dorsal flexion right (N.m) | 23.59 ± 6.8 | 24.24 ± 13.73 | 22.43 ± 7.8 | 23.01 ± 3.01 |
\(x_{22}\) | Ankle plantar flexion left (N.m) | 83.89 ± 34.46 | 88.41 ± 32.71 | 83.34 ± 29.48 | 85.48 ± 35.23 |
\(x_{23}\) | Ankle plantar flexion right (N.m) | 82.20 ± 26.27 | 86.75 ± 34.9 | 77.86 ± 26.60 | 81.79 ± 35.53 |
\(x_{24}\) | Falls history | 33.3 \(\%\) | 20\(\%\) | 43\(\%\) | 29\(\%\) |