Table 4 Diagnostic criteria for different conditions

Normal

Eyes with healthy ocular fundus, which includes normal fovea and optic disc, as well as normal retinal and choroidal vessels [32]

ARMD

A degenerative condition that affects older people and causes drusen and choroidal neovascularization in the macula, which are symptoms that can lead to progressive vision loss [33]. The diagnostic methods include CFP, fluorescein angiogenesis (FA), indocyanine green angiography (ICGA), optical coherence tomography (OCT) and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA)

DR

Patients with diabetes who have ocular fundus abnormalities such as microaneurysms, intraretinal hemorrhages and neovascularization [34]. Patients do not experience subjective symptoms in the early stages, and after developing maculopathy, they experience variable degrees of vision loss

RVO

The obstruction of retinal vein, which can result in retinal ischemia, retinal exudates, macular edema and/or intraretinal hemorrhages, and then cause vision loss and visual field defect [35]

Referable glaucoma

Glaucomatous diagnosis are made based on both anatomical and functional evidence, mainly including the glaucomatous field defects and optic cup enlargement [36]

(Because glaucoma cannot be diagnosed solely by CFP and requires clinical diagnosis by subjective and objective testing, the diagnostic condition “referable glaucoma” of AI screening system was created. In addition, the glaucoma diagnosis criterion served as the benchmark for evaluating AI system.)

PM

Pathological myopia refers to the presence of ocular fundus complications, including posterior staphyloma, myopic maculopathy that is equal to or more serious than diffuse choroidal atrophy, and associated optic neuropathy [23]

Other abnormalities

Other ocular fundus abnormalities except the above 5 conditions (ARMD, DR, RVO, referable glaucoma and PM)