Fig. 1

a The closed-loop, lumped parameter model of the left ventricle, systemic arteries, and veins. b The open-loop lumped parameter model of the left ventricle and systemic arteries. The circuit equivalent formulation of the models are depicted with the pressures and most of the mechanical parameters used to describe the systemic circulation. The venous compartment is volumeless and only partially described in the open-loop model. Adapted from Bjørdalsbakke et al. [22], and used under CC-BY 4.0