Effect of a rigid ankle foot orthosis and an ankle foot orthosis with an oil damper plantar flexion resistance on pelvic and thoracic movements of patients with stroke during gait

Ling, Hua; Guo, Hui; Zhou, Hao; Chang, Xiao-Qian; Guo, Zi-Yang; Yamamoto, Sumiko; Cai, Li-Fei; Zhao, Jun

doi:10.1186/s12938-023-01068-0

Table 3 Comparison of temporal and spatial factors, SVA, and GRF in two AFO groups after gait training

From: Effect of a rigid ankle foot orthosis and an ankle foot orthosis with an oil damper plantar flexion resistance on pelvic and thoracic movements of patients with stroke during gait

	AFO-OD		RAFO		Interaction effect	Main effect		With vs without		AFO-OD vs RAFO
	Without	With	Without	With	Interaction effect	AFO effect	AFO type	AFO-OD	RAFO	Without AFO	With AFO
Temporal&spatial
Velocity (m/s)^a	0.217	0.264	0.231	0.205				0.026*	0.211	0.880	0.747
Velocity (m/s)^a	0.219	0.191	0.119	0.144
Step length (paretic to non-paretic) %height	0.153	0.171	0.150	0.144	0.009**			0.015*	0.343	0.916	0.262
Step length (paretic to non-paretic) %height	0.059	0.055	0.047	0.052
Step length (non-paretic to paretic) %height^a	0.140	0.151	0.140	0.120				0.035*	0.650	0.652	0.123
Step length (non-paretic to paretic) %height^a	0.108	0.098	0.040	0.064
Cycle time (s)^a	1.983	2.018	1.947	1.833				0.249	0.053	0.451	0.102
Cycle time (s)^a	1.178	1.100	0.627	0.507
Loading response time (s)^a	0.547	0.623	0.575	0.570				0.315	0.233	0.780	0.400
Loading response time (s)^a	0.850	0.637	0.263	0.217
Single stance time (s)	0.359	0.367	0.353	0.326	0.140	0.420	0.473
Single stance time (s)	0.097	0.099	0.076	0.096
Preswing time (s)^a	0.431	0.433	0.485	0.517				0.397	0.211	0.747	0.880
Preswing time (s)^a	0.491	0.421	0.188	0.239
Swing time (s)	0.602	0.592	0.546	0.499	0.192	0.054	0.052
Swing time (s)	0.116	0.101	0.111	0.093
SVA
Initial contact (°)	− 8.307	− 6.163	− 6.471	− 3.855	0.771	0.006**	0.236
Initial contact (°)	6.051	4.867	4.145	5.142
End of loading response (°)	3.550	2.960	4.125	1.745	0.176	0.029*	0.893
End of loading response (°)	7.647	6.699	6.157	5.780
Start of preswing (°)	9.157	9.982	10.103	5.157	0.001**			0.364	0.001**	0.665	0.023*
Start of preswing (°)	6.404	5.656	5.597	5.532
Foot off (°)	24.470	29.293	24.820	24.054	0.005**			0.005**	0.528	0.919	0.155
Foot off (°)	6.883	9.121	6.233	7.709
Change in loading response (°)^a	10.429	7.798	7.821	5.177				0.004**	0.001**	0.425	0.310
Change in loading response (°)^a	9.372	10.631	8.045	8.407
Change in stance (°)	32.777	35.456	31.291	27.910	0.002**			0.047*	0.015*	0.627	0.120
Change in stance (°)	11.111	12.379	8.191	10.378
Change in single stance (°)^a	4.984	5.799	5.436	2.433				0.048*	0.001**	0.880	0.037*
Change in single stance (°)^a	4.915	6.705	4.508	5.867
GRF
Peak posterior (N/kg)^a	− 0.488	− 0.432	− 0.619	− 0.654				0.363	0.281	0.123	0.270
Peak posterior (N/kg)^a	0.281	0.220	0.205	0.294
Peak anterior (N/kg)	0.392	0.445	0.334	0.336	0.192	0.148	0.174
Peak anterior (N/kg)	0.129	0.182	0.180	0.178

Bold represents easier to distinguish them from SD or IQR
Upper column: mean or median; Lower column: SD or IQR
AFO-OD AFO with an oil damper; RAFO rigid AFO; AFO ankle foot orthosis; SVA Shank-to-vertical angle; GRF ground reaction force; SVA forward inclination + ; GRF forward +
^anot normally distributed
^*p < 0.05
^**p < 0.01

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ISSN: 1475-925X

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