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Table 1 Results of 3D foot-scan and footprint measurements

From: Analysis of skeletal characteristics of flat feet using three-dimensional foot scanner and digital footprint

IH

NH

TAW

TAH

FFH angle

GFH angle

ABD

(a) Results for 3D foot feature index values

 Male

28.5 (2.3)

19.5 (2.9)

41.5 (2.0)

16.4 (1.5)

31.5 (4.9)

34.9 (5.5)

3.2 (2.4)

 Female

27.3 (2.0)

17.7 (2.9)

42.5 (2.5)

16.0 (1.5)

31.1 (5.4)

38.2 (6.5)

3.7 (2.4)

 P value

95% CI

0.01

0.61 to 5.42

0.01

1.17 to 2.36

0.01

−1.47 to −0.52

0.01

0.14 to 0.75

0.46

−0.65 to 1.43

0.01

−4.58 to

−2.10

 < 0.001

−2.38 to −1.36

Forefoot

Midfoot

Heel

CSI

SI

(b) Results for footprint index values

 Male

44.8 (2.6)

18.6 (5.6)

24.0 (2.1)

41.8 (11.6)

0.78 (0.24)

 Female

46.8 (3.0)

20.8 (5.9)

25.3 (2.2)

44.8 (11.7)

0.83 (0.25)

 P value

95% CI

0.01

−2.51 to −1.40

0.01

−3.34 to −1.03

0.01

−1.77 to −0.90

0.01

−5.30 to −0.58

0.07

−0.10 to −0.004

  1. All data are shown as means ± standard deviations (SD)
  2. IH Instep height; NH Navicular height; TAW Transverse arch width; TAH Transverse arch height; FFH Fifth toe–fifth metatarsal head–heel; GFH Great toe–first metatarsal head–heel; ABD axis of the bone distance; CSI Chippaux–Smirak index; SI: Staheli index