Long-term training on sand changes lower limb muscle activities during running in runners with over-pronated feet

Table 3 Muscle activity pre and post-test for both groups during the mid-stance phase (% maximum voluntary isometric contraction)

Muscles	Control			∆%	Intervention			∆%	Sig. (Effect size)
Muscles	Pre-test	Post-test	95% CI	∆%	Pre-test	Post-test	95% CI	∆%	Time	Group	Group x Time
TA	25.95 ± 11.10	26.67 ± 13.06	− 5.05,3.61	2.77	26.26 ± 11.75	26.94 ± 9.24	− 3.57,2.20	2.58	0.584(0.142)	0.913(0.000)	0.988(0.000)
Gas-M	51.09 ± 16.55	50.01 ± 13.46	− 4.29,6.45	− 2.11	51.98 ± 17.47	50.89 ± 13.52	− 3.57,5.76	− 2.09	0.535(0.168)	0.805(0.201)	0.997(0.000)
VL	46.50 ± 18.53	47.42 ± 19.07	− 8.17,6.34	1.97	46.84 ± 18.91	47.14 ± 19.95	− 6.64,6.05	0.64	0.799(0.063)	0.995(0.000)	0.896(0.000)
VM	55.70 ± 26.89	54.51 ± 21.49	− 9.75,12.14	− 2.13	53.56 ± 21.21	59.93 ± 26.16	− 17.96,5.22	11.89	0.510(0.180)	0.736(0.090)	0.336(0.255)
RF	36.51 ± 13.52	36.78 ± 16.77	− 3.83,3.29	0.73	37.88 ± 16.51	40.41 ± 18.23	− 8.90,3.85	6.67	0.438(0.201)	0.516(0.168)	0.530(0.169)
BF	23.93 ± 13.63	23.25 ± 11.02	− 4.37,5.73	− 2.84	24.13 ± 11.25	24.63 ± 10.96	− 4.04,3.05	2.07	0.952(0.000)	0.766(0.090)	0.698(0.110)
ST	20.18 ± 9.28	19.73 ± 9.64	− 3.84,4.76	− 2.22	21.50 ± 8.09	22.15 ± 7.88	− 4.59,3.29	3.02	0.944(0.000)	0.292(0.278)	0.701(0.110)
Glut-M	42.06 ± 14.79	41.42 ± 15.20	− 3.94,5.23	− 1.52	42.15 ± 12.38	50.90 ± 18.33	− 15.94, − 1.54	20.75	0.057(0.510)	0.161(0.375)	0.028(0.590)*

PF pronated feet, TA tibialis anterior, Gas-M gastrocnemius medialis, BF biceps femoris, ST semitendinosus, VL vastus lateralis, VM vastus medialis, RF rectus femoris, Glut-M gluteus medius, CI confidence interval, Sig. Significant level
* symbol indicate significant difference

ISSN: 1475-925X