Fig. 1

Effects of lead exposure on the real and imaginary parts of electrical impedance spectrum and Nyquist plot of blood in mice. A The 3D stereograph of blood impedance spectrum; B the \(Z^{\prime}\left( f \right)\) curve; C the \(Z^{\prime\prime}\left( f \right)\) curve; D Nyquist plots. In the 3D curve and axial plane projection of A, hollow squares and solid lines represent the measured spectrum, f − \(Z^{\prime}\) projection (x–y axis, B), f − θ projection (y–z axis, C) and \(Z^{\prime} - Z^{\prime\prime}\) projection (x–z axis, D) of control group (Con., red) and lead-exposed group (Exp., blue). In B–D, the measured spectra of control and exposure group are represented by solid curves (red) and dotted curves (blue), respectively