Biomedical signals and machine learning in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a systematic review

Table 5 Set of selected articles and their main characteristics

Study	Year	Score	Goal	Signals	Dataset	Subjects	Best model	Performance (%)
Study	Year	Score	Goal	Signals	Dataset	HC/ALS/OD	Best model	Acc	Spe	Sen
Chatterjee et al. [39]	2019	1.0	Diagnosis	EMG	Public	–/8/7	SVM	98.58	99.5	97.66
Zhang et al. [40]	2014	1.0	Diagnosis	EMG	Local	11/10/–	LDA	–	100	90
Hazarika et al. [41]^a	2019	1.0	Diagnosis	EMG	Public	10/8/7 and 4/4/4	QDC and QDC	99.03 and 100	99.58 and 100	96 and 100
Gokgoz and Subasi [42]	2014	1.0	Diagnosis	EMG	Local	10/8/7	SVM	92.55	90.3	96.33
Ambikapathy et al. [43]	2018	0.875	Diagnosis	EMG	Public	–	ANN	96.6	100	93.7
Doulah et al. [44]	2014	1.0	Diagnosis	EMG	Public	10/8/7	KNN	98.8	100	98
Vallejo et al. [45]	2018	1.0	Diagnosis	EMG	Public	10/8/7	ANN	98	97.5	100
Gokgoz and Subasi [46]	2015	1.0	Diagnosis	EMG	Public	10/8/7	RF	96.67	94.75	99.58
Xia et al. [47]	2015	0.875	Diagnosis	GR	Public	16/13/35	SVM	96.55	94	100
Ren et al. [48]	2017	1.0	Diagnosis	GR	Public	16/13/35	MLP	–	–	–
Khorasani et al. [49]	2016	0.875	Diagnosis	GR	Public	16/13/–	FHMM	93.1	93.75	92.31
Welsh et al. [50]	2013	1.0	Diagnosis	MRI	Local	31/32/–	SVM	71.5	–	–
Ferraro et al. [51]	2017	0.75	Diagnosis	MRI	Local	78/123/64	RF	91	92	91
Miao et al. [55]	2020	1.0	Communication	EEG	Local	–/18/–	BLDA	90	–	–
Liu et al. [53]	2017	0.875	Communication	EEG	Local	–/5/–	KNN and LDA	95.25	–	–
Sorbello et al. [52]	2018	0.75	Communication	EEG	Local	4/4/–	LDA	–	–	–
Mainsah et al. [54]	2015	0.875	Communication	EEG	Local	–/10/–	DSLM	76.39	–	–
van der Burgh et al. [56]	2017	1.0	Survival	MRI	Local	–/135/–	DLN	84.4	–	–

HC healthy controls, OD other diseases, Acc accuracy, Spe specificity, Sen sensitivity, EMG electromyography, EEG electroencephalogram, MRI magnetic resonance imaging, GR gait rhythm, SVM support vector machine, RF random forest, LDA linear discriminant analysis, QDC quadratic classifier, ANN Artificial Neural Network, KNN k-Nearest Neighbor, MLP Multilayer Perceptron, FHMM Factorial hidden Markov model, BLDA Bayesian linear discriminant analysis, DSLM dynamic stopping with language model, DLN Deep Learning Networks
^aThe study did experiments on two datasets

ISSN: 1475-925X