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Table 2 Sway measures (RMS, MV, f95, ∆tc) and model parameters (KP, KD, KI, Kn, τd) of patients with PD, at pre-, week 2, week 4, and post-training, in R-tasks (RO: stance on rigid surface with eyes open, and RC: stance on rigid surface with eyes closed)

From: Postural control learning dynamics in Parkinson’s disease: early improvement with plateau in stability, and continuous progression in flexibility and mobility

Task

PD patients (n = 20)

ANOVA

P value

(F value)

Effect size

Tukey P value for post-hoc comparisons

Sway measures/model parameters

Pre (T1)

Week 2 (T2)

Week 4 (T3)

Post (T4)

T1–T2

T1–T3

T1–T4

T2–T3

T2–T4

T3–T4

RO

 RMS (mm)

5.99 ± 1.80

7.21 ± 2.90

6.78 ± 2.38

6.56 ± 1.98

0.186 (1.66)

0.080

0.346

0.562

0.381

0.842

0.716

0.970

 MV (mm/s)

10.04 ± 3.25

10.22 ± s3.75

11.20 ± 3.41

12.31 ± 4.30†

0.010 (4.13)

0.179

0.994

0.468

0.052

0.266

0.019

0.541

 f95 (Hz)

1.14 ± 0.39

1.12 ± 0.35

1.26 ± 0.42

1.37 ± 0.58

0.106 (2.13)

0.101

0.998

0.712

0.243

0.373

0.260

0.792

 ∆tc (s)

1.59 ± 0.54

1.75 ± 0.57

1.70 ± 0.41

1.76 ± 0.49

0.531 (0.742)

0.038

0.686

0.821

0.452

0.983

1.000

0.935

 KP (N.m/deg)

16.43 ± 3.78

16.84 ± 3.65

16.96 ± 3.51

18.42 ± 4.88

0.062 (2.58)

0.120

0.958

0.750

0.192

0.998

0.079

0.383

 KD (N.m.s/deg)

5.87 ± 1.84

5.22 ± 1.93

5.47 ± 1.54

5.94 ± 2.20

0.370 (1.07)

0.053

0.309

0.802

1.000

0.931

0.372

0.788

 KI (N.m/deg/s)

1.46 ± 0.82

1.09 ± 0.74

1.56 ± 0.65

1.31 ± 0.76

0.125 (2.00)

0.095

0.192

0.971

0.916

0.187

0.690

0.436

 Kn

446.9 ± 215

462.3 ± 214

543.3 ± 211

568.9 ± 197*

0.022 (3.48)

0.155

0.989

0.278

0.036

0.132

0.085

0.956

 τd (ms)

135.3 ± 33.0

115.7 ± 44.0

117.1 ± 28.6

109.3 ± 28.5

0.059 (2.63)

0.122

0.339

0.294

0.058

0.999

0.914

0.768

RC

 RMS (mm)

6.64 ± 2.11

7.13 ± 3.09

7.23 ± 2.42

6.63 ± 2.10

0.463 (0.868)

0.044

0.827

0.428

1.000

0.998

0.850

0.201

 MV (mm/s)

11.94 ± 5.37

11.73 ± 5.37

13.81 ± 5.08

14.92 ± 6.12*

0.034 (3.09)

0.140

0.999

0.109

0.047

0.360

0.216

0.725

 f95 (Hz)

1.37 ± 0.51

1.47 ± 0.53

1.56 ± 0.52

1.74 ± 0.70

0.085 (2.31)

0.109

0.802

0.472

0.215

0.903

0.389

0.599

 ∆tc (s)

1.51 ± 0.59

1.22 ± 0.37

1.23 ± 0.35

1.34 ± 0.47

0.093 (2.24)

0.105

0.180

0.246

0.676

0.998

0.780

0.637

 KP (N.m/deg)

19.64 ± 6.57

18.91 ± 4.62

19.49 ± 5.91

21.13 ± 5.53

0.148 (1.85)

0.089

0.874

0.999

0.354

0.914

0.061

0.474

 KD (N.m.s/deg)

6.06 ± 2.26

5.84 ± 1.28

6.45 ± 1.72

6.69 ± 2.12

0.110 (2.10)

0.100

0.958

0.637

0.463

0.214

0.199

0.865

 KI (N.m/deg/s)

1.83 ± 1.37

1.60 ± 0.87

1.66 ± 0.94

2.05 ± 1.09

0.264 (1.36)

0.067

0.831

0.934

0.866

0.991

0.166

0.199

 Kn

547.1 ± 314

568.8 ± 303

652.1 ± 321

718.0 ± 344

0.035 (3.07)

0.139

1.000

0.575

0.120

0.238

0.071

0.486

 τd (ms)

121.9 ± 40.4

129.8 ± 40.3

127.6 ± 38.1

117.0 ± 41.1

0.428 (0.939)

0.047

0.876

0.907

0.929

0.993

0.456

0.290

  1. Values are reported as mean ± standard deviation. Significant P values are in italics
  2. T1 to T4 refer to pre-, week 2, week 4, and post-training, respectively
  3. * Significantly different from pre-training (P < 0.05); †significantly different from week 2 (P < 0.05)
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