Table 4 Main clinical features measured in healthy and keratoconic corneas

Age (years)

39.8 ± 18.6 (7 to 73)

36.02 ± 10.2 (17 to 69)

35.1 ± 16.88 (14 to 62)

27.12 ± 5.01 (19 to 40)

(ES)

–

1.30

1.41

3.62

Axial length (mm)

23.99 ± 1.60 (20.20 to 28.99)

24.08 ± 1.40 (21.80 to 26.44)

24.20 ± 1.36 (22.30 to 27.4)

24.69 ± 1.42 (23.69 to 26.66)

(ES)

–

− 1.20

− 1.69

− 3.79

Corrected distance visual acuity

0.99 ± 0.09 (0.4 to 1.22)

0.03 ± 0.66 (-0.10 to 0.19)

0.20 ± 0.18 (0.01 to 0.51)

0.49 ± 0.24 (0.16 to 0.74)

(ES)

–

− 0.09

− 1.51

− 2.21

Sphere (D)

− 0.51 ± 3.29 (− 12.38 to 9.00)

−  0.88 ± 1.38 (− 4.61 to 1.14)

− 2.30 ± 3.44 (− 10.99 to 3.11)

− 3.8 ± 6.70 (− 15.00 to 0.01)

(ES)

–

0.29

0.41

0.12

Cylinder (D)

− 0.80 ± 1 (− 5.75 to 0.00)

− 2.10 ± 1.33 (− 4.75 to 0.5)

− 3.71 ± 2.88 (− 10.5 to 0.5)

− 4.4 ± 3.88 (− 8.0 to − 2.5)

(ES)

–

− 1.12

− 1.48

− 4.22

Spherical equivalent (D)

− 0.99 ± 3.28 (− 12.50 to 8.20)

− 1.89 ± 1.49 (− 8 to 0.74.50)

− 4.90 ± 3.29 (− 12.05 to 1.20)

− 6.75 ± 5.40 (− 18.5 to 0.50)

(ES)

–

− 0.88

− 1.68

− 3.44

Minimal corneal thickness (µm)

539.98 ± 32.70 (459.01 to 629.19)

469.54 ± 33.48 (390.12 to 528.30)

441.08 ± 41.22 (369.54 to 535.11)

354.12 ± 43.12 (338.41 to 492.12)

(ES)

–

− 0.10

− 1.28

− 4.01

Central corneal thickness (µm)

543.07 ± 33.01 (464.10 to 633.84)

474.07 ± 38.01 (392.01 to 578.1)

451.2 ± 40.11 (371.2 to 540.12)

361.24 ± 51.2 (319.01 to 532.1)

(ES)

–

− 0.18

− 1.41

− 3.89

Anterior chamber depth (mm)

2.89 ± 0.44 (1.79 to 3.70)

3.30 ± 0.31 (2.68 to 4.01)

3.40 ± 0.5 (2.71 to 4.22)

3.82 ± 0.31 (3.50 to 4.23)

(ES)

–

0.10

0.12

0.22

White to white corneal diameter (mm)

11.99 ± 0.48 (11.22 to 13.33)

12.00 ± 0.48 (11.19 to 13.38)

12.04 ± 0.47 (11.09 to 13.44)

12.07 ± 0.51 (11.11 to 13.71)

(ES)

–

0.05

0.09

0.1