Table 3 The marine-derived extracts or compounds with in vivo anti-neuroinflammatory activity
From: Marine-derived protein kinase inhibitors for neuroinflammatory diseases
Extracts or compounds | Marine source | Therapeutic area | Possible molecular pathway |
|---|---|---|---|
Ethanol extract | Marine microalgae Nannochloropsis oceanica | AD | Down-regulation of APP and BACE1 expression [85] |
MS14 | MS14 is a natural herbal-marine drug | MS | Inhibition of spinal LCN2 [86, 87] (MS14 consists of 90% Penaeus latisculatus (king prawn), 5% Apium graveolens (celery), and 5% Hypericum perforatum L. (St John’s wort).) |
11-Dehydrosinulariolide | Soft coral Sinularia flexibilis | PD | In vitro: inhibition of NF-κB [88] In vivo: increase of DJ-1 expression [89] |
Dihydroaustrasulfone alcohol | The synthetic precursor of austrasulfone from the Soft coral Cladiella australis | MS and pain | Inhibition of iNOS and COX-2 based on in vitro data [90] |
Capnellene | Soft coral Capnella imbricate | Pain | Inhibition of spinal COX-2 [91] |
Lemnalol | Soft coral Lemnalia cervicorni | Pain | Inhibition of spinal TNF-α [92] |
Flexibilide | Soft coral Sinularia flexibilis | Pain | Inhibition of spinal iNOS [93] |
DHA | Fish | Pain | Inhibition of spinal p38 [94] |
Xyloketal B | Marine fungus Xylaria sp. (strain no. 2508) | Ischemia | Inhibition of brain caspase-3 and Bax [95] |
Polyphenols | Brown algae Ecklonia cava | Ischemia | Inhibition of cytosolic calcium based on in vitro data [96] |