Marine-derived protein kinase inhibitors for neuroinflammatory diseases

Table 2 The marine-derived extracts or compounds with in vitro anti-neuroinflammatory activity

Extracts or compounds	Marine source	Therapeutic area	Possible molecular pathway
Methanol extracts	Marine green algae Ulva conglobata	Neuroinflammation	Inhibition of iNOS and COX-2 [77]
Alginate-derived oligosaccharide	Various brown algae	AD	Inactivation the TLR4-NF-κB signaling pathway [78]
Dieckol	Brown algae Ecklonia cava	Neuroinflammation	Downregulation of ERK, Akt and NADPH oxidase-mediated pathways [79]
Floridoside	Red algae Laurencia undulata	Neuroinflammation	Inhibition of p38 and ERK [80]
Phlorofucofuroeckol B	Brown algae Ecklonia stolonifera	Neuroinflammation	Inhibition of IκB-alpha/NF-κB and Akt/ERK/JNK pathways [81]
Aurantiamide acetate	Marine fungus Aspergillus sp. SF-5921	Neuroinflammation	Inhibition of NF-κB, JNK, and p38 [82]
Citreohybridonol	Marine fungus Toxicocladosporium sp. SF-5699	Neuroinflammation	Inhibitory effect on the NF-κB and p38 pathways [83]
Sinuleptolide	Soft coral Sinularia kavarattiensis	Neuroinflammation	Inhibition of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, and TNF-α [84]

AD Alzheimer disease, COX-2 cyclooxygenase-2, ERK extracellular signal-regulated kinase, IκB inhibitor of NF-κB, IL interleukin, iNOS inducible nitric oxide synthase, JNK c-Jun N-terminal kinase, NADPH nicotinamide adenine dinuclelotide phosphate, NF-κB nuclear factor κB, TLR4 toll-like receptor 4, TNF-α tumor necrosis factor-α

ISSN: 1475-925X