Fig. 5

Representative curves for a patient ECGs, b AoP without VAD perfusion, c AoP with VAD perfusion, d pressure–volume (PV) curves of LV without VAD, and e PV curves of LV with VAD. At first, the patient’s heart beat was normal (①, ②). However, when PVC occurred, the heart rate increased abruptly (③) and then immedicately decreased (④)