Table 2 Details of procedures used in medical imaging for hemodynamic analysis and diagnostics

Ultrasound (medical imaging using vibration/sound of ultrasonic frequency)

Draw boundary curves in the voxel space

Region-based segmentation methods use an algorithm that searches for similar feature e.g. texture pattern and brightness

MRI (uses magnetic field and radio waves)

Connect these points with spline curves and digitize

Divide image into region and check similarity among pixels. Continue dividing for similarity below threshold

PET [by injecting, swallowing or inhaling radioactive drug (tracer)]

Fill the inner part of the boundary

 Merge regions with similar features

CT (combined X-ray images from different angles)

Execute the same procedure to X and Y planes

Repeat these two steps until no more merging or splitting is possible

X-ray (high frequency and energy electromagnetic radiation)

Smooth, sum up 3D spaces and cut by threshold values

Active contour combines global and local image segmentation methods

ECG (measuring electrical activity of the hearts using electrodes)

fMRI (using MRI and associated changes with blood flow)

Define voxel space

Display a 2D projection of a 3D discretely sampled data set, typically a 3D scalar field

Mathematical representation development of an object’s 3D via specialized software that results in a 3D model

Reconstruct to produce transparent or opaque voxel

Curved inconsistent voxel

Binary image of closed curves represents each contour and produces a smooth 3D mesh output

The process of generating an image from a 2D or 3D model (or a scene file collectively) using a specialised computer program

Altering the color of an object/surface/polygon in the 3D scene, based on:

The individual slices of images are stacked to produce a 3D dataset

 Its angle to lights

Slice number and contour pixels’ indices convert the contour data into a set of points for reconstruction process

 Its distance from lights

 Shading is performed during rendering

Import boundary mesh

Create finite element function

Achieve multi-scale modelling by coupling (1D-3D NS and IFS)

Quality check of boundary mesh

Define trial and test function (function space)

Branch of fluid mechanics that uses numerical analysis and algorithms to solve and analyze fluid flows problem

Volume mesh generation

Specify boundary condition and subdomain indicator (information stored in mesh)

Computers perform the calculations to simulate liquids and gases interaction with surfaces defined by boundary conditions

Mesh refinement performance

Constitutive laws of materials (blood and walls). Involved flow governing parameters and blood flow pattern

High-performance computing to deal with the high density grid resolution and deal with large file sizes

Volume mesh quality inspection

Volume mesh save

Align the grid lines of mesh with the flow

Assign high mesh density to capture all relevant flow features and high resolution mesh adjacent to the wall to resolve boundary layer flow

Breakdown of the phases of a process to convey the inputs, outputs, and operations of each phase

Set of methods and surgical concept that use computer technology for planning, guiding or performing surgical interventions