Table 1 Overview of included studies

Aiello [35]

Indirect MV: OF

Non

No

Gait

T: MS

C: –

T: 10

C: –

Cikajlo [36]

Indirect MV: OF

Non

No

Balance

T: Stroke

C: Stroke

T: 6

C: 22

Fung [37]

Indirect MV: OF

Semi

No

Gait

T: Stroke

C: –

T: 2

C: –

Fung [38]

Indirect MV: OF

Semi

No

Gait, Balance

T: Stroke

C: healthy

T: 9

C: 9

Kizony [39]

Indirect MV: OF

Semi

No

Gait

T: Stroke

C: healthy

T: 12

C: 10

Park [40]

Indirect MV: OF

Semi

No

Gait

T: PD

C: –

T: 3

C: –

Yang [41]

Indirect MV: OF

Semi/full

No

Gait

T: Stroke

C: Stroke

T: 11

C: 9

Yang [42]

Indirect MV: OF

Non

No

Balance

T: Stroke

C: Stroke

T: 7

C: 7

Bergmann [22]

Indirect MV: OF

Non/semi

Yes (Lokomat)

Gait

T: Stroke

C: –

T: 1

C: –

Walker [43]

Indirect MV: AOF

Non/semi

No

Gait

T: Stroke

C: –

T: 6

C: –

Lamontagne [31]

Indirect MV: AOF

Full

No

Gait

Crossover:

(T) Stroke,

(C) healthy

Crossover:

(T) 12,

(C) 12

Lamontagne [44]

Indirect MV: AOF

Full

No

Gait

Crossover:

(T) Stroke,

(C) healthy

Crossover:

(T) 10,

(C) 11

Slobounov [24]

Indirect MV: AOF

Semi

No

Balance

T: healthy → TBI (within)

C: healthy

T: 10

C: 45

Betker [45]

Abstract MV: 2D

Non

No

Balance

T: Ataxia, Stroke, TBI

C: –

T: 3

C: –

Geiger [46]

Abstract MV: 2D

Non

No

Balance

T: Stroke

C: Stroke

T: 7

C: 6

Gil-Gomez [47]

Abstract MV: 2D

Non/semi

No

Balance

T: Stroke, TBI, BCN

C: Stroke, TBI, BCN

T: 9

C: 8

Jobst [48]

Abstract MV: 2D

Non

No

Balance

T: Ataxia

C1: Ataxia

C2: healthy

T: 36

C1: 36

C2: 10

Mercier [49]

Abstract MV: 2D

Non

No

Gait

T: Stroke

C: –

T: 1

C: –

Forrester [50]

Abstract MV: 2D

Non

Yes (Anklebot)

Ankle

T: Stroke

C: –

T: 8

C: –

Cho [17]

Abstract MV: 3D

&

Avartar MV: Rough figure

Game

No

Balance

T: Stroke

C: Stroke

T: 11

C: 11

Deutsch [51]

Abstract MV: 3D

Non

Yes (Rutgers Ankle Rehabilitation System)

Ankle

Exp. 1 & 2:

T: Stroke

C: –

Exp.1: T: 1, C: –

Exp.2: T: 3, C: –

Deutsch [52]

Abstract MV: 3D

Non

Yes (Rutgers Ankle Rehabilitation System)

Ankle

T: Stroke

C: –

T: 6

C: –

Mirleman [53, 54]

Abstract MV: 3D

Non

Yes (Rutgers Ankle Rehabilitation System)

Ankle

T: Stroke

C: Stroke

T: 9

C: 9

Cattaneo [55]

Tracking MV

Non

No

Balance

T: MS

C: –

T: 9

C: –

Deng [56]

Tracking MV

Non

No

Ankle

T: Stroke

C: Stroke

T: 8

C: 8

Dunning [57]

Tracking MV

Non

No

Gait, Ankle

T: Stroke

C: –

 T: 1

C: –

Durfee [58]

Tracking MV

Non

No

Ankle

 T: Stroke

C: –

T: 20

C: –

McClanachan [59]

Avartar MV: Rough figure

Game

No

Gait, Balance

Crossover: Stroke, TBI

Crossover: 21

Brütsch [18]

Avatar MV: Realistic body

Non/semi

Yes (Lokomat)

Gait

Crossover:

(T) BS-CP, TBI, MMC, SLE,

(C) healthy

Crossover:

(T) 10,

(C) 14

Schuler [19]

Avatar MV: Realistic body

Non/semi

Yes (Lokomat)

Gait

Crossover:

(T) MS, CP, Hip dysplasia, Cerebral haemorrhage, Encephalopathy, Transverse myelitis,

(C) healthy

Crossover:

(T) 9,

(C) 8

Brütsch [60]

Avatar MV: Realistic body

Non/semi

Yes (Lokomat)

Gait

Crossover:

(T) MS, CP, Hip dysplasia, Cerebral haemorrhage, Encephalopathy, symptomatic SCI,

(C) healthy

Crossover:

(T) 10,

(C) 8

Baram [25]

AR MV

AR

No

Gait

T1: MS

T2: MS

T1: 10

T2: 11

Baram [61]

AR MV

AR

No

Gait

T: MS

C: healthy

T: 16

C: 12

Kim [62]

AR MV

AR

No

Gait, Balance

T: Stroke

C: Stroke

T: 12

C: 12

Palma [63]

AR MV

Game

No

Balance

T: TBI

C: TBI

T: 7?

C: 7?

Sveistrup [64]

AR MV

AR

No

Balance

T1: TBI

T2: TBI

C: TBI

?

Jaffe [65]

AR MV

AR

No

Gait

T: Stroke

C: Stroke

T: 10

C: 10

Thornton [66]

AR MV

AR

No

Balance

T: TBI

C: TBI

T: 15

C: 12

Griffin [20]

AR MV

AR

No

Gait

T: PD (within)

T: 26

Ferrarin [21]

AR MV

&

Combined MV: AR + Abstract (2D)

AR

No

Gait

T: PD (within)

C: healthy (within)

T: 3

C: 3

Walker [67]

No MV

Non

No

Balance

T: Stroke

C1: Stroke

C2: Stroke

T: 16

C1: 16

C2: 14

Banz [68]

No MV

Non

Yes (Lokomat)

Gait

Crossover: iSCI

Crossover: 12