Quantitative analysis of human ankle characteristics at different gait phases and speeds for utilizing in ankle-foot prosthetic design

Table 1 Mean (SD) of the ankle quasi-stiffness (N m kg⁻¹ rad⁻¹ ) and R² at four walking speeds

	Very slow speed	Slow speed	Normal speed	Fast speed
K_CP	−0.63 (SD 0.93)	−0.44 (SD 1.03)	−0.20 (SD 0.90)	−0.43 (SD 0.76)
K_CD	4.57 (SD 0.77)^a,b	4.47 (SD 0.62)^a,b	5.47 (SD 0.76)^a	5.80 (SD 1.05)^b
K_PP	4.78 (SD 0.62)	4.46 (SD 0.76)	4.58 (SD 0.71)	4.53 (SD 0.85)
R² _CP	0.75 (SD 0.35)	0.70 (SD 0.32)	0.58 (SD 0.29)	0.49 (SD 0.35)
R² _CD	0.96 (SD 0.04)	0.95 (SD 0.03)	0.91 (SD 0.06)	0.83 (SD 0.09)
R² _PP	0.95 (SD 0.03)	0.97 (SD 0.03)	0.98 (SD 0.01)	0.98 (SD 0.01)

^a,bshow the significant differences between K_CD at fast and normal speeds and K_CD at very slow and slow walking speeds (P < 0.05).

ISSN: 1475-925X