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Table 2 F1 scores of algorithms under different cases and the results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation

From: EEG-based emergency braking intention detection during simulated driving

Algorithms

Emergency braking vs. normal driving

Emergency braking vs. normal braking

Normal baking vs. normal driving

−200 ms

−100 ms

0

−200 ms

−100 ms

0

−200 ms

−100 ms

0

CSP + LDA

0.18 ± 0.13

0.19 ± 0.13

0.20 ± 0.13

0.57 ± 0.18

0.59 ± 0.18

0.63 ± 0.19

0.07 ± 0.02

0.07 ± 0.02

0.07 ± 0.02

xDAWN + LDA

0.17 ± 0.15

0.40 ± 0.23

0.54 ± 0.18

0.38 ± 0.18

0.75 ± 0.17

0.90 ± 0.08

0.07 ± 0.03

0.08 ± 0.03

0.09 ± 0.05

RMDM

0.24 ± 0.20

0.52 ± 0.27

0.63 ± 0.24

0.44 ± 0.20

0.73 ± 0.21

0.89 ± 0.11

0.08 ± 0.04

0.11 ± 0.05

0.12 ± 0.06

TS + LR

0.26 ± 0.23

0.54 ± 0.25

0.66 ± 0.17

0.45 ± 0.25

0.79 ± 0.18

0.94 ± 0.05

0.09 ± 0.04

0.11 ± 0.06

0.13 ± 0.07

EEGNet

0.17 ± 0.17

0.36 ± 0.20

0.43 ± 0.16

0.48 ± 0.2

0.77 ± 0.24

0.86 ± 0.19

0.07 ± 0.02

0.08 ± 0.04

0.08 ± 0.05

ShallowConvNet

0.22 ± 0.13

0.29 ± 0.15

0.31 ± 0.14

0.65 ± 0.17

0.75 ± 0.15

0.83 ± 0.10

0.07 ± 0.02

0.07 ± 0.03

0.08 ± 0.02

CSP + LDA-DA

0.18 ± 0.12

0.20 ± 0.13

0.21 ± 0.13

0.55 ± 0.21

0.57 ± 0.21

0.62 ± 0.20

0.08 ± 0.02

0.07 ± 0.02

0.08 ± 0.02

xDAWN + LDA-DA

0.35 ± 0.20

0.45 ± 0.18

0.46 ± 0.18

0.78 ± 0.13

0.9 ± 0.06

0.91 ± 0.07

0.07 ± 0.03

0.09 ± 0.04

0.09 ± 0.05

RMDM-DA

0.31 ± 0.23

0.47 ± 0.24

0.51 ± 0.23

0.62 ± 0.21

0.83 ± 0.14

0.89 ± 0.11

0.11 ± 0.07

0.14 ± 0.08

0.16 ± 0.09

TS + LR-DA

0.57 ± 0.19

0.66 ± 0.17

0.68 ± 0.17

0.84 ± 0.12

0.92 ± 0.06

0.93 ± 0.06

0.12 ± 0.06

0.14 ± 0.08

0.15 ± 0.08

EEGNet-DA

0.65 ± 0.18

0.76 ± 0.15

0.77 ± 0.13

0.85 ± 0.11

0.92 ± 0.07

0.92 ± 0.07

0.17 ± 0.09

0.18 ± 0.10

0.20 ± 0.10

ShallowConvNet-DA

0.51 ± 0.19

0.68 ± 0.14

0.73 ± 0.12

0.74 ± 0.12

0.84 ± 0.10

0.89 ± 0.08

0.09 ± 0.04

0.09 ± 0.06

0.12 ± 0.08

  1. Algorithms with “-DA” mean that their training set used data augmentation; −200 ms means 200 ms before the onset of braking
  2. Best results are highlighted in bold