EEG-based emergency braking intention detection during simulated driving

Liang, Xinbin; Yu, Yang; Liu, Yadong; Liu, Kaixuan; Liu, Yaru; Zhou, Zongtan

doi:10.1186/s12938-023-01129-4

BioMedical Engineering OnLine

Table 1 AUCs of algorithms under different cases and the results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation

From: EEG-based emergency braking intention detection during simulated driving

Algorithms	Emergency braking vs. Normal driving			Emergency braking vs. Normal braking			Normal baking vs. Normal driving
Algorithms	−200 ms	−100 ms	0	−200 ms	−100 ms	0	−200 ms	−100 ms	0
CSP + LDA	0.76 ± 0.14	0.79 ± 0.15	0.81 ± 0.15	0.76 ± 0.13	0.78 ± 0.14	0.79 ± 0.15	0.59 ± 0.09	0.59 ± 0.09	0.60 ± 0.09
xDAWN + LDA	0.62 ± 0.21	0.86 ± 0.15	0.96 ± 0.04	0.64 ± 0.17	0.86 ± 0.12	0.94 ± 0.08	0.58 ± 0.08	0.61 ± 0.09	0.64 ± 0.12
RMDM	0.74 ± 0.16	0.92 ± 0.09	0.97 ± 0.04	0.78 ± 0.14	0.91 ± 0.10	0.96 ± 0.05	0.64 ± 0.11	0.68 ± 0.11	0.70 ± 0.12
TS + LR	0.75 ± 0.16	0.93 ± 0.07	0.99 ± 0.02	0.78 ± 0.17	0.93 ± 0.09	0.98 ± 0.03	0.62 ± 0.11	0.67 ± 0.11	0.71 ± 0.12
EEGNet	0.64 ± 0.19	0.86 ± 0.14	0.94 ± 0.05	0.67 ± 0.12	0.88 ± 0.06	0.94 ± 0.03	0.60 ± 0.08	0.63 ± 0.08	0.64 ± 0.09
ShallowConvNet	0.81 ± 0.09	0.89 ± 0.07	0.93 ± 0.05	0.81 ± 0.08	0.87 ± 0.08	0.90 ± 0.07	0.60 ± 0.07	0.62 ± 0.07	0.62 ± 0.07
CSP + LDA-DA	0.76 ± 0.14	0.78 ± 0.14	0.80 ± 0.14	0.72 ± 0.16	0.74 ± 0.16	0.76 ± 0.16	0.63 ± 0.07	0.63 ± 0.07	0.63 ± 0.07
xDAWN + LDA-DA	0.84 ± 0.15	0.94 ± 0.08	0.96 ± 0.04	0.83 ± 0.13	0.93 ± 0.07	0.95 ± 0.05	0.59 ± 0.11	0.64 ± 0.11	0.65 ± 0.12
RMDM-DA	0.82 ± 0.11	0.94 ± 0.07	0.97 ± 0.04	0.82 ± 0.14	0.91 ± 0.09	0.95 ± 0.06	0.67 ± 0.13	0.72 ± 0.13	0.75 ± 0.13
TS + LR-DA	0.94 ± 0.05	0.98 ± 0.02	0.98 ± 0.02	0.91 ± 0.10	0.96 ± 0.05	0.97 ± 0.04	0.69 ± 0.13	0.73 ± 0.13	0.76 ± 0.12
EEGNet-DA	0.94 ± 0.05	0.97 ± 0.03	0.97 ± 0.03	0.91 ± 0.06	0.95 ± 0.04	0.95 ± 0.04	0.77 ± 0.09	0.79 ± 0.10	0.80 ± 0.10
ShallowConvNet-DA	0.92 ± 0.05	0.97 ± 0.03	0.98 ± 0.02	0.85 ± 0.10	0.91 ± 0.08	0.93 ± 0.06	0.70 ± 0.09	0.72 ± 0.10	0.72 ± 0.10

Algorithms with “-DA” mean that their training set used data augmentation; −200 ms means 200 ms before the onset of braking
Best results are highlighted in bold

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ISSN: 1475-925X

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