Table 3 The results of different decellularization methods for vascular scaffold in vitro or in vivo

Triton X-100 and trypsin

Bovine jugular vein

Rat

Reduced platelet adhesion, stimulated proliferation of ECs in vitro, and reduced calcification in vivo

[51]

Triton X-100, RNase, and DNase

Porcine femoral artery

Rat

ECs and myofibroblasts were detectable within 1 month, 97.3% patency rate in 6 months

[43]

Triton X-100, SD, RNase and DNase

Rat infrarenal abdominal aorta

Rat

After modified with GCSF, observed superior cellular and ultrastructural preservation

[59]

Triton X-100, trypsin, RNase, and DNase

Rabbit abdominal aorta

Dog

After modified with heparin, bFGF, and VEGF 145, patency rate was 100% at 1, 3, and 9 months

[58]

Freeze‐thawing and SDS

Porcine aorta

Rat

Less calcification and adverse inflammatory response, enhanced ingrowth of myofibroblasts and ECs

[17]

Freeze‐thawing, Triton X-100 and SDS

Porcine carotid artery

In vitro experiment only

Well-preserved composition, structure, and mechanical properties

[18]

Perfusion and Triton X-100

Sheep carotid artery

In vitro experiment only

Completely removed cell nuclei and preserved three-dimensional structure and mechanical properties of native tissue

[53]

Placental and umbilical cord artery

In vitro experiment only

Excellent biocompatibility and mechanical properties

[73]

High hydrostatic pressure and DNase

Porcine radial artery

Rat

100% patency rate and without thrombosis in 2 weeks, ECs were found to cover luminal surfaces

[20]