Translation of robot-assisted rehabilitation to clinical service: a comparison of the rehabilitation effectiveness of EMG-driven robot hand assisted upper limb training in practical clinical service and in clinical trial with laboratory configuration for chronic stroke

Table 5 The changes of each clinical assessment of each group

Clinical score	Clinic group	Lab group	P value (Cohen’s d)
FMA_{full score}	16.56 ± 11.38	13.38 ± 10.29	0.390 (0.29)
FMA_{shoulder/elbow}	10.00 ± 7.39	8.63 ± 7.29	0.600 (0.19)
FMA_wrist/hand	6.56 ± 4.83	4.75 ± 3.51	0.234 (0.43)
ARAT	10.69 ± 8.73	6.38 ± 4.44	0.088 (0.62)
FIM	5.50 ± 6.41	1.50 ± 4.07	0.043 (0.75)*
MAS_finger	− 0.75 ± 0.67	− 0.43 ± 0.92	0.263 (0.40)
MAS_wrist	− 0.74 ± 0.76	− 0.30 ± 0.63	0.226 (0.63)
MAS_elbow	− 0.74 ± 0.68	− 0.45 ± 0.63	0.086 (0.44)

The mean and standard deviations (SD) for the changes of each clinical assessment, and the probabilities with the estimated effect sizes of the statistical analyses. Intergroup difference with statistical significance is marked with ‘*’ (“*” for independent t-test)

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