Figure 1

Characteristic waveforms of IRE and H-FIRE with the corresponding TMP development across the plasma membrane (Φ _pm ). The 1500 V/cm unipolar pulse (A) causes the TMP to rise above the critical threshold for IRE (1 V, dashed line). The 1500 V/cm bipolar burst without a delay (B) and with a delay (C) causes the TMP to oscillate around the same critical threshold.