The role of interdisciplinary research team in the impact of health apps in health and computer science publications: a systematic review

Background Several studies have estimated the potential economic and social impact of the mHealth development. Considering the latest study by Institute for Healthcare Informatics, more than 165.000 apps of health and medicine are offered including all the stores from different platforms. Thus, the global mHealth market was an estimated $10.5 billion in 2014 and is expected to grow 33.5 percent annually between 2015 and 2020s. In fact, apps of Health have become the third-fastest growing category, only after games and utilities. Methods This study aims to identify, study and evaluate the role of interdisciplinary research teams in the development of articles and applications in the field of mHealth. It also aims to evaluate the impact that the development of mHealth has had on the health and computer science field, through the study of publications in specific databases for each area which have been published until nowadays. Results Interdisciplinary nature is strongly connected to the scientific quality of the journal in which the work is published. This way, there are significant differences in those works that are made up by an interdisciplinary research team because of they achieve to publish in journals with higher quartiles. There are already studies that warn of methodological deficits in some studies in mHealth, low accuracy and no reproducibility. Studies of low precision and poor reproducibility, coupled with the low evidence, provide low degrees of recommendation of the interventions targeted and therefore low applicability. Conclusions From the evidence of this study, working in interdisciplinary groups from different areas greatly enhances the quality of research work as well as the quality of the publications derived from its results.

of medicine and public health supported by mobile devices. According to WHO [1], nearly 90 % of the world population could benefit from the opportunities offered by mobile technologies and with a relatively low cost. Considering the latest study by Institute for Healthcare Informatics (IMS) [2], more than 165.000 apps of health and medicine are offered including all the stores from different platforms. Thus, the global mHealth market was an estimated $10.5 billion in 2014 and is expected to grow 33.5 percent annually between 2015 and 2020s [3].
Also, the IMS Institute indicates that 70 % of health apps is focused on general population, offering tools to reach and maintain wellness and to improve physical activity. The remaining 30 %, were designed to more concrete areas such as professionals or people affected by specific diseases.
Despite this situation, it is important to note that more than 50 % of the available apps received less than 500 downloads and only five of them comprise 15 % of all those in the health category. The IMS attributed this situation to different causes, which include: poor quality in many of them, the lack of guidance on the usefulness of the app and a low level of support from health professionals.
However, it is well-known that health apps, solving the problems detailed above, could represent a very useful tool for monitoring chronic diseases will account for 65 % of the global market for mHealth in 2017 [3].
This fact will represent revenue of 15.000 million dollars. The pathologies with a higher potential to increase business are in order: diabetes and cardiovascular disease. They will also play an important role related to diagnostic services (they will reach 15 % and will generate 3.400 million of dollars) and medical treatments (10 % of the market and revenues of 2.300 million). By the other hand, it is estimated that business will increase from 4.500 million in 2013, to 23.000 million in 2017. Continents with largest market share are, in descending order, Europe and Asia (30 %), United States of America and Canada (28 %) [3].
However, we do not know if the apps available to the population are based on scientific knowledge and therefore, it is difficult to assess the real impact of this spectacular development on the health of populations. On the other hand, we do not know how the great spread of the phenomenon of Health 2.0 (that is a term presented in the mid-2000s, as the subset of health technologies mirroring the wider Web 2.0 movement, offering possibilities for changing health care which started with the introduction of eHealth following the emergence of the World Wide Web [4,5] ) that is reaching the scientific field (medical or computer), which should occur in parallel in order to offer products that positively affect the health of citizens.
Therefore, this study aims to identify, study and evaluate the role of interdisciplinary research teams in the development of articles and applications in the field of mHealth and the impact that the development of mHealth has had on the health and computer science field, through the study of publications and the composition of the research teams in specific databases for each area, which have been published until nowadays. According to Yadros et al. [6] interdisciplinary research seems to be a supplier of creative and innovative approaches. It is able to produce new lines of research and renew scientific field. In this sense, the justification of using interdisciplinary research is thus particularly strong and crucial in scientific programmes addressing grand societal issues or challenges that require an holistic approach including biological, physical and social factors. • Departments working on the contribution. The evaluation of the last item (interdisciplinary nature) has been performed using the Rao-Stirling index as explained by Rafolds and Meyer [9], among others. Interdisciplinary research has been defined as a mode of research that integrates techniques, tools, and/or theories from two or more disciplines to advance fundamental understanding or to solve problems whose solutions are beyond the scope of a single discipline or area of research practice [10]. The advantage of the Rao-Stirling measure is that it takes into account the distribution of references across disciplinary categories on journals in the WoS for 220 WoS categories or subject categories (SC) and also considers how cognitively distant these categories are.
For statistical analysis of the data we have used own descriptive statistics (frequency tables, measures of central tendency and dispersion, Pearson correlation coefficient as well as graphic representation) and analytical techniques, using as evidence contrast hypothesis Chi square, t Student, ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis as non-parametric version. Processing and analysis of data was performed using the SPSS version 22.0.0 [11].

Results and discussion
A brief summary of the main features, topics and contents in the reviewed papers is shown in Tables 1 and 2. We found papers focused on mHealth in 51 different journals, being most of them (68.6 %) indexed in the ISI web of Knowledge. The higher proportion of papers published in journal indexed in JCR, is located in four WoS categories: medical informatics (17.9 %), Healthcare Sciences & Services (12.8 %), computer science interdisciplinary applications (11.1 %) and mathematical and computational biology (8.5 %), showing a great concern about developing mHealth research in two fields of ISI that we think that must be strongly linked to this topic: clinical medicine and computer science. Taking into account not indexed journals, we found same development patterns, because most of the researches belong to different departments and institutions, including professionals from health and computer science. This fact could be explained by the concentration of articles in just three journals, journal of medical internet research mHealth and uHealth, (JMU) containing 21.7 % of the published papers, journal of medical internet research (JMIR), covering 7.5 % and international journal of medical informatics, reaching 4.7 % papers. Thus, for example, journal of medical internet research is classified by journal citation report (JCR) into several categories ("Health Care Sciences & Services" and "Medical Informatics") and the international journal of medical informatics is listed by JCR into three categories, the two previously mentioned, as well as in "Computer Science, Information Systems" that clearly belongs to a non-health area. Another important result is the great impact factor of these publications. This way, in any category where they could be classified of these two journals belong to the first quartile, excepting JMU which is not indexed because it was created in 2013 like an spin-off from JMIR. This may also explain that the average impact factor of the found publications was 1.54 (±1898) including all the papers, and 3.0248 (±1.6014) if we select just the papers published in indexed journals. Moreover, 27.4 % of the articles are located in first quartile journals, 13.2 % in the second, 7.5 % in the third and 2.8 % in the fourth  Balsam et al. [44] This work aims to improve the operation of the optical detector in mobile phones through the expansion of fluorescent signals to be used in health apps with diagnostic purposes Paper 3: Development and validation of an instrument to Measure user perceived service quality of mHealth Akter et al. [31] Pilot study to develop a scale for measuring the quality perceived by the user regarding the mHealth which showed a clear link between service quality and satisfaction, as well as satisfaction and continuity in use, as well as between the quality of service and continued use Paper 4: An autonomous mobile system for the management of COPD Van der Heijden et al. [25] Work based on the development of an app to detect exacerbations in COPD patients through the use of a spirometer and pulse oximeter. The evaluation showed that the model can reliably detect exacerbations and the pilot study suggests that an intervention based on this system may be successful Lee et al. [26] This research tests the feasibility of using SMS as a tool for the study of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. It proved feasible, reducing response time and at a lower price than mail or postal mail Paper 7: H_pe for mHealth: More "y" or "o" on the horizon?
Labrique et al. [27] Letter to the editor in which appear a criticism of the changes and development that is occurring in mHealth, with a saturation of pilot studies, unclassifiable designs impossible to extrapolate to larger sample sizes and with a lack of evidence Paper 8: Context-based and rulebased adaptation of mobile user interfaces in mHealth Alnanih et al. [28] Study where a user interface (MUI) is developed to serve as a bridge between any application and the health professional. The results showed that the proposed improvement did not increase the efficacy, safety, navigation, productivity or efficiency in the work. Neither it increased its satisfaction The development of an application is described to facilitate the collection of data (mChois) that aims to overcome the limitations of a web for childhood obesity (chois) that depended on the Internet. The application allows the collection and storage of data locally and is now being used by "The Illinois Department of Human Services (IDHS)" for school health program  Surka et al. [46] The purpose of this study is to develop an application that assess the risk of cardiovascular disease, assessing its impact on health staff and the duration of the screening, compared with paperbased. The application was considered easy to use, faster and more accurate, but with a worse visual display to explain the risk to the population Paper 13: Recognizing whether sensors are on the same body Cornelius and Kotz [47] The proposition of this paper is to improve connectivity with sensors Smartphone. It shows a probabilistic model to look for correlations between sensors and accelerometers of your device to avoid the above mentioned problem.
The new model achieved an accuracy of 85 % Silva et al. [87] The study has the goal to develop a system of data encryption (DE4MHA) to guarantee the security of data. That the app had a similar behaviour to the one it would have without the data encryption system was achieved, so that quality was also guaranteed. The system could be adapted to other apps of mHealth  Lyons et al. [24] The study analyses 13 electronic lifestyle activity monitors to find out which of the fourteen techniques identified in the literature are founded with the aim of increasing them. All them had a similar behaviour, suing the app to direct the information. The techniques and recommendations were based on the scientific literature. From the 14 identified as potentially efficient in behaviour change, the monitors included between 5 and 10 Paper 27: ClereMed: lessons learned from a pilot study of a mobile screening tool to identify and support adults who have difficulty with medication labels Grindrod et al. [17] The study presents a prototype of an app ("ClereMed") to identify people who have difficulty reading, poor ability in handling medication and cognitive impairment, and to assess the acceptance of touch devices in older people. We Studied 47 elderly. 84 % of participants stated that the application was easy to use. In terms of reading difficulty, it was correctly identified 72 %.Only 21 % of participants showed cognitive difficulties Paper 28: Commercially available mobile Pone headache diary apps: a systematic review Hundert A.S., et al. [14] In this paper 7 rules guideline was created as minimum requirements for considering that an application was useful in the management and control of headache. 38 apps were studied. None of them met all the criteria and neither was published in scientific literature, and only 3 met five of them. It showed a lack of scientific knowledge and evidence in this type of application  The paper presents a study of 96 overweight individuals, whose purpose is to analyse the relationship between diet, self-monitoring of physical activity and eating habits by following different types of monitoring (mobile applications, web diary on paper). The group using the mobile application to control physical activity showed better results

Paper 31: Contemporary vascular smartphone medical applications
Carter et al. [52] The text presents a search for the availability of applications with vascular diseases as a theme in main application stores, as well as possible integration in practice. 49 were located, of which only 13 documented the participation of a medical professional in the design or content. It was concluded that the use of mHealth could be potentially beneficial, but it also showed a lack of high scientific quality apps Paper 32: Design of an mHealth app for the self-management of adolescent type 1 diabetes: a pilot study Cafazzo et al. [42] The objective is the design, development and implementation of a study for the management of type 1 diabetes in 20 adolescents. There was an increase in daily average frequency of measurement by 50 %. Another study is needed to assess the improvement of HbA1c The study shows the effects of an intervention of mHealth in 502 airline pilots to reduce problems of fatigue, sleep and improve their perception of health through the app "MORE energy". The intervention group improved quality of sleep, fatigue, strenuous physical activity, diet and rest  The study proved the usability of the application "Reactivate" for the control of obesity in 10 adolescents. There were not showed results about the clinical effectiveness, although it was evaluated that it was more efficient It was also collected the need of the app working for iPhone, that the colours were brighter and the text bigger Dunford et al. [19] The paper describes the development of a mobile application ("FootSwitch") to help Australian population to a better understanding of the nutritional information of the foods in order to facilitate a better choice, using a database of 17,000 packaged foods that could be increased through "crowd-sourcing" Paper 42: Health professionals as mobile content creators: teaching medical students to develop mHealth applications Masters [57] The research highlights the need to train medical students in the development of applications. "IBuildApp" is presented as applications development environment.107 students were surveyed about the perception of the project. The most perceived need was to increase learning, specially the programming which was considered the main factor of influence. The impact of the experience was similar to other studies Paper 43: Ideas and enhancements related to mobile applications to support type 1 diabetes Pulman et al. [20] The objective of this study was to develop an application for the management of type 1 diabetes in young people. The app was aimed to offer quality services and improve the own "healthrelated quality of life (HRQOL)" of users, with input from experts and end-user over design. The researchers conducted the development of three prototypes of which one was chosen by nine respondents. Thus the data for prototyping and improving existing ones were taken, trying to suit the needs of the age group  Becker et al. [21] The paper is an opinion letter referring to the importance of mHealth as a tool to provide universal access to services, the importance of taking into account developmental psychosocial variables and the model of technological development of countries. It also says that criticism and reviews help users to trust these applications and test them, so inter-professional collaboration becomes essential in mHealth 2.0 Paper 50: mHealth and mobile medical Apps: a framework to assess risk and promote safer use Lewis and Wyatt [62] The document identifies various risks that mobile applications can pose to patient safety. A generic risk framework is also developed for users and developers, being a useful tool for the evaluation of specific applications in any particular context Paper 51: mHealth: a strategic field without a solid scientific soul. a systematic review of pain-related apps de la Vega and Miró [63] A systematic review of the pain-related apps available in scientific databases and the main application shops was carried out to provide an overview of the current state of development of mHealth. 47 papers and 283 apps were found, showing a big gap between the research part and trade, since the vast majority of applications was not supported by scientific evidence Paper 52: mHealth data collector: an application to collect and report indicators for assessment of cardiometabolic risk Shishido et al. [64] The paper presents "mHealth Data Collector", an application that contains data and information associated with metabolic risk. After interviewing 45 health professionals who had used it, the researchers evidenced a reduction of time in the interview, a better collection, organization and retrieval of data, as well as standardization of the information entered into the system. The assessment of usability (ease of use, charging time, selecting the screen resolution, etc.) was also very positive  The study presents a review of the literature of the main databases (406 papers) and applications stores (710 apps) to study the resources available with respect to cardiovascular disease. Only few items related to mobile applications were found. A great disparity was evident in the field of cardiology applications, having a lot of research on certain issues, while others were abandoned. It also emphasized that there was no link between the offered apps and the scientific production The text shows the state of the US legislation regarding mHealth. The lack of regulation regarding medical leaves, responsibility, possible negligence by the professional using an application, privacy when storing patient data, etc., are complex issues to cover despite legislative efforts  Boulos et al. [70] The document presents a review of studies evaluating health applications. The concept of "application as a medical device" and regulation that currently exists in the US and Europe is also discussed. An example of voluntary application for certification in the US market named "Happtique Health App Certification Program" is presented in the text. As to make a thorough control of the apps is very complicated, it is proposed to educate patients and users about what is the best use to give to these applications Paper 60: Mobile mental wellness training for stress management: feasibility and design implications based on a one-month field study Ahtinen et al. [71] The paper is focused on the study of the use and results of the "Oiva" application, which was developed for the prevention and management of work-related stress and mental health problems in 15 workers. Significant changes were observed in the scores of stress and satisfaction with life, but not in the psychological flexibility. A significant increase was also evident in the improvement or maintenance of well-being, learning new skills and gain new ideas. It was perceived as easy to use, acceptable and useful Paper 61: mSpray: a mobile phone technology to improve malaria control efforts and monitor human exposure to malaria control pesticides in Limpopo, South Africa Eskenazi et al. [34] The paper examines the effectiveness and usability of the app "mSpray" in 13 workers. The app was created to collect data from areas under sprays to control malaria, seeking to improve the currently used, paper-based system. The application included geo-location and use of spreadsheets to lead a real-time observation. The times were improved and errors with the above method were detected. Workers preferred "mSpray" system over the traditional system. Tsui et al. [73] The paper presents a pilot study with 60 diabetic patients to assess the "Sightbook" application, which seeks the coordination between the patient, the physician who follows the diabetes patient and ophthalmologist and offers a self-assessment of visual function. The app is considered useful because research showed that a high percentage had diabetic retinopathy and other risk factors, so to consult ophthalmologist was necessary

Paper 64: Preferences for a Mobile HIV Prevention App for Men Who Have Sex With Men
Goldenberg et al. [74] The paper describes how it should be an application that would promote the homosexual population to participate in HIV prevention. To do this, several focus group discussions were conducted (n = 38). It was evidenced that apps should have innovative ideas, educate and engage men to motivate them to use the application. Feeling safe and have the confidence was important, so the importance of protecting the privacy language and stressed was highlighted. To achieve adherence to the App, it should be easy to use, attractive and pushing homosexuals to concern about their safety  Mobasheri et al. [75] The paper analyzed 185 applications focused on pathologies and breast problems. A large disconnect between the development of Apps and health professionals, and a marked lack of scientific evidence was showed. A review of the information provided is recommended, as well as add bibliographic references and mention the authors Paper 68: Study of the usability of spaced retrieval Exercise using mobile devices for Alzheimer's disease rehabilitation Zmily et al. [76] The research consists in a clinical-trial with 10 participants in early stages of Alzheimer's, to whom was offering them two versions of the App "ADcope", to enhance their abilities to perform activities of daily living and to promote their independence and social participation. The results are better in version based on images; although there was a good adaptation to the use and satisfaction of participants in both of them  Hilliard et al. [82] The study attempts to define the characteristics that an app for adolescents with cystic fibrosis must have, for which the researchers combined qualitative and quantitative techniques in 16 participants. They expressed that access to information, automate the prescription process, and encourage communication with the staff care and family using the app, are very important resources that could be present in the app. It was also assessed positively the creation of a social network to bring together people and families in order to share experiences Paper 75: Weight loss-there is an app for that! But does it adhere to evidence-informed practices?
Breton et al. [84] The paper reviews and summarizes the content of the applications available on iTunes in 2009 (204), according to 13 practical for weight control based on scientific evidence. No application included the 13 practices. They found much variability regarding the number of practices, including 2 of them (daily food and weight evaluation) in 30 % of the apps. The most frequent resources were the interactive tool, nutritional data bases and educational material.

Paper 76: Who Uses Smoking Cessation Apps? A Feasibility Study Across Three Countries via Smartphones
BinDhim et al. [85] The paper presents a comparative study of the characteristics of 602 users of "Quit Advisor". This is an application to quit smoking. The research was carried out during 1 year in Australia, United Kingdom and United States. No significant differences in the average age of users and attempts to quit smoking between countries were found, but differences by gender and stage of change was evidenced. 77.5 % of users who had used previously other apps health, expressed do not take into account the credibility of the developer  Mann et al. [88] The study describes the development of an application of behavioural reducing hypertension based on the DASH diet. It takes into account the multimedia content, wireless devices (which can connect to the app), security and usability. The article concludes with 10 lessons learned during the development of the application, which highlights the need to break with tradition, the importance of a multidisciplinary approach, the platform features, the prototype must be flexible and scalable and the fact of that it is advisable to contact technological trade experts to grow through investors Paper 78: Daily mood ratings via text message as a proxy for clinic based depression assessment Aguilera et al. [89] The aim of this research was to determine whether the information derived from the ratings of mood through SMS could serve as a reliable indicator for assessing the mood in clinical settings. 33 patients with depression were studied. As a control the PHQ-9 (Patient Health Questionnaire-9) was used. The results show that the SMS could fulfill this role Paper 79: Incorporating customer empowerment in mobile health Almunawara et al. [90] This paper presents a health model that incorporates client empowerment in the mHealth in three dimensions: personal, social and medical. In addition, a survey was conducted to 366 individuals to assess their perception of the subject, as well as requirements for the model. Researchers concluded that the model integrated the widest scope of empowerment in the three proposed areas, serving as a guide to extend the empowerment of customers through mHealth Paper 80: Anytime, anywhere access to secure, privacy-aware healthcare services: Issues, approaches and challenges Anwar et al. [91] This paper consists in a review aimed to rationalize and explore safety issues related to privacy in the mHealth. The authors examine existing approaches, addressing issues such as institutional infrastructure and government and policy challenges among countries to address the issues of security and privacy Paper 81: Clinical laboratory data: acquire, analyze, communicate, liberate Azzazy and Elbehery [92] This review focuses on the use of smartphones to acquire, analyze, communicate, and deliver clinical laboratory data. The paper concludes that this resource can dramatically improve the quality and quantity of health assistance offered in the areas of limited resources Paper 82: Photograph-based diagnosis of burns in patients with dark-skin types: The importance of case and assessor characteristics Boissin et al. [93] This study evaluated whether photographs of burns taken with a mobile from patients with darker skin types, could be used for diagnosis. 21 cases of varying complexity were studied and conducted a survey through the web. It was concluded that the size and depth of burns in these patients could be evaluated with photographs, at least as well as with the simple view in clinical settings, since the average accuracy rates were 67.5 and 66.0 % respectively Paper 83: Mobile Health: empowering patients and driving change Bradway et al. [94] This document, after analyzing (literature review) the development of mHealth in the field of diabetes, concludes that although there has been good progress in apps for this medical condition, only a few of them have been validated and recognized to be used as tools for self-management of the disease. Therefore stresses the need to propose measures including the creation of a protocol to choose and use these tools or to establish financing plans and sustainability  Chang et al. [95] This paper presents a multi-platform information system (web and smartphones) to help women during pregnancy. 5 developers evaluated the usability through heuristics model of Nielsen, and 68 pregnant women completed a satisfaction survey. 80.9 % of respondents stated that the system was useful for controlling pregnancy Paper 85: From black box to toolbox: Outlining device functionality, engagement activities, and the pervasive information architecture of mHealth interventions Danaher et al. [96] This review examines two important aspects in the design of mHealth interventions: mobile device functionality and the data architecture, which determines its ability to bring information to mobile phones, PCs and other devices. They conclude that mHealth interventions developers should work on these aspects to engage participants and promote the desired change in behaviour to achieve health Paper 86: BP here, there, and everywhere -mobile health applications (apps) and hypertension care Green [97] Editorial referred to the promising potential of Apps health surveillance, monitoring and management of blood pressure in hypertensive patients is done Paper 87: Impact of Mobile Diabetes Self-Care System on patients' knowledge, behavior and efficacy Guo et al. [98] In this research, a system called "Mobile Diabetes Self-Care System", for diabetes type 2 was evaluated. The system was created to facilitate patients to improve their capacity for self-care and trying to be flexible in time, place and developed options use. The effectiveness of the system was assessed in 28 individuals who completed questionnaires before and after the intervention. The results indicated that the mobile system had improved the knowledge and behaviour of patient self-management by 17 % and 22 %, respectively Paper 88: Apps for life change: Critical review and solution directions Helf and Hlavacs [99] This review is focused on the current lack of scientific use in application development, inefficient and selective incorporation of gamification, low levels of customization and potential privacy and trust. Due to the multidisciplinary nature of this set of problems, the text proposes frameworks integrated and user-centered as the best solution. Kramer et al. [101] This review focuses on risk management related to mobile health applications and the use of social networks to provide services "Telemental Health" (TMH), resolving some concerns about the risks and developing a framework to effectively manage the risks associated with caring through TMH. The authors conclude that while it is important to be aware of these issues, the general principles to provide good clinical care, are the use of standards of practice set for the field of mental health, remain the core of the safe and effective practice  This review highlights the challenge posed by "technologies for healthy living, " because it is an ambiguous space between the medical field highly regulated and the consumer market, less regulated. It is defined as the situation leads to new ways to create (and make sense) knowledge related to health. It also recognizes the enormous potential of these technological advances McCarroll et al. [105] The study aimed to evaluate an intervention in 50 women survivors of endometrial or breast cancer with overweight or obese based on web (for contact with health professionals) and the "LoseIt" application. Results indicated that intervention by modification of lifestyle offered through the web and with the support of the App is a viable short term option to reduce the weight Paper 95: Ergonomic evaluation and design of a mobile application for maternal and infant health for smartphone users among lower-income class Filipinos Nocum et al. [106] The paper presents a preliminary investigation to assess, using ISO 9126, a mobile application focused on disseminating relevant information to low-income pregnant women in the Philippines.
Using the data collected, the researchers developed a new application ("Uyayi") that provides all the information requested and takes into account the functionality, reliability and ease of use application designed for this group Olla et al. [108] The document presents through a proof of concept an App ("Immediate -IDA-Diagnostics and Analytics"), how it can be used to acquire, analyze and transmit laboratory data from a pre-surgical hospital module to any system information. The result shown that the use of the App could be convenient to read results of a pregnancy test in a pre-surgical room in real time and transmit it to electronic health records. Finally, the text concludes that it is a useful tool for decision making in real time, improving patient safety and effectiveness attention  The objective of this revision was to identify and provide a general vision of the apps available to support the prevention of hospital infections and to evaluate its functionality and potential uses in the clinical attention. 17 apps were studied. It was concluded that these could help to reduce the hospital infections, but due to the lack of available applications and functionality of the apps founded, it is required a greater development in its field  The purpose of this study was to understand the perception of the perspectives of the Filipino-Americans about three types of information technology used for health management. An online poll was administered to 87 participants through Facebook. The sample was more likely to use social networks (SNS), except the mobile apps (mHealth) and hardly ever the personal health records were used (PHR). The participants informed about the advantages and disadvantages of using this kind of technology for the management of health (accessibility, credibility, privacy, ease of use and utility, among them) Paper 105: Sexual and reproductive health and rights and mHealth in policy and practice in South Africa Waldman and Stevens [116] This article explores from a qualitative methodology (interviews to key informants and three case studies), the intersections between mHealth, health and the rights. It is showed that the degree in which mHealth tackles all the range of reproductive justice and the health and sexual and reproductive rights is limited, especially dealing with the government initiatives. The document maintains that the projects mHealth tend to avoid the controversial aspects of sexual health, whereas it is developed in favourable issues such as pregnancy and maternity  [13] citations, facing many that have never been referenced. Interestingly, these two articles were published in 2011 and 2012 (respectively), when the exponential growth in the number of publications on mHealth began. Thus, we can find just 2 papers in 2011 (1.9 % of total found) while we locate 45  Similarly, the mean number of citations received for years (excluding 2015), shows a clear downward trend (F = 36,72, 3 df; p < 0.001). As the years pass, the average is down from the 62 items on average in 2011 till 1.53 in 2014. Temporal matters could explain this, i.e., it stands to reason that more recent articles have had less time to be referenced (and that is the main reason because we decided to exclude 2015 from this analysis), but it is a trend that is also seen in 2012 (with an average of 23 references) and 2013 (7.85). Post hoc tests found significant differences between every year (p < 0.01).
In addition, considering the types of papers, we found that original researches are more prevalent (63.2 %), Besides this, we evaluated the type of the research carried out. We found descriptive studies (23.6 %), researches focused on technological development (21.7 %) and reviews (16 %) highlighting over the rest (see Fig. 3). This fact happens because most of the articles are focused on the user data collection and evaluation from apps designed to assess adherence or modification of habits to healthier lifestyles (studies with larger sample sizes). Another percentage of the original researches is represented by small pilot studies or clinical trials with smaller sample sizes (5.7 %). As we mentioned above, reviews are also frequent, something justifiable given the exponential growth of publications. This situation force researchers to conduct periodically synthesis and evaluation of trends in the development of apps and main findings, as well as the errors most frequently committed (especially as the methodological design is concerned). Another significant point was to find nine papers from qualitative research which represent 9.4 % of the types of research. It is understandable if we comprehend that this type of studies is very helpful in trying to expose the different realities of the new or unknown phenomena which we have a very little information or experience. A good example could be the expected results of interactions between mHealth apps and populations who want to improve their health. Furthermore, we were surprised because two of these articles had been published in computer science journals, where papers highly focused on applied and/or quantitative research are traditionally accepted. No statistically significant relation between the type of research and the number of citations received (p = 0.297) were found. Similarly, the type of research and the impact factor of the journal where the article is published did not show to be related (p = 0.094).
We also wanted to know the link between the field of knowledge where the publishing journal is classified and the impact factor (see Fig. 4). We found a clear relation (p < 0.05), highlighting "Environment/Ecology", "Chemistry" and "Multidisciplinary" with higher average of impact factor. In any case, it is very important to evidence how Fig. 3 Type of research fields of knowledge, very far from health, a priori, accept papers focused on mHealth, which, from our point of view, demonstrate the deep impact that this new topic is generating in many fields of knowledge, related or not to health sciences.

Research teams and the role of interdisciplinarity
The results show that more than half of the reviewed papers (67.9 %) had the participation of at least two departments/institutions focused on different topics, reaching the maximum amount of five different topics (see Fig. 5). Only 32.1 %  of the reviewed papers had participants focused on just one topic.
Besides this, we considered the interdisciplinarity, calculating the degree of diversity through Rao-Stirling (multidimensional index which includes the analysis of variety, balance and disparity). We found a very low and dispersed rates (0.07 ± 0.05). From our point of view, and related to the different topics where the departments involved in each paper are focused, these results mean that, although the diversity of the participants could seem high because they belong to different areas, finally they do not use the specific knowledge of each one, finding many references in each paper that belong to the same WoS categories (causing a low Rao-Stirling diversity).

About interdisciplinary research teams, interdisciplinary publications, impact factor and number of citations received
Although the visual examination of Fig. 6 shows a clear tendency for researches carried out by more than two departments/institutions from other fields of knowledge, are published in major journals, statistical analysis shows that these differences are not Fig. 4 Impact factor average related to ISI 22 Fields significant (p = 0.33), obtaining an average impact factor of 1.81 (±1.93) for researches carried out by more than two teams focusing on different fields, versus 1.42 (±1.88) for teams with two or fewer different fields of knowledge. However, we evidenced a light but positive and significant relation between the Rao-Stirling diversity and the impact factor (r = 0.182; p = 0.031) which means that a higher degree of interdisciplinarity increase of impact factor of the paper. Anyway, as we mentioned above, it is important to remember that the participation of multidisciplinary research teams does not necessarily means the presence of interdisciplinarity. This fact is supported by the analysis of the relation between the number of departments focused on different research areas for each paper and the value of Rao-Stirling diversity. In this case, we can not assume that the participation of research teams from different fields lead performing a multidisciplinary study. (p = 0.108) (see Fig. 7).  Another method to evaluate the impact of a paper consists in evaluating the number of citations received. Neither the Rao-Stirling (p = 0.063), the field where the publishing journal is classified according to 22 ISI web of knowledge categories (p = 0.811), or the number of departments focused on different fields of knowledge (p = 0.869), seem to be related to the number of citations received. The average number of citations for teams with more than two departments focused on different fields of knowledge is 6.52 (±9.9), versus an average of 6.14 (±9.6) citations for teams composed of two or less. From our point of view, this could be explained by the novelty of the research on mHealth, which seems to take precedence over the quality or focus of each investigation. We think that this could be also confirmed by the absence of statistical relations between the impact factor of the journals in which the papers were published, the number of citations received and the research design. That is, it would be logical to think that clinical trials, technological developments, and other quasi-experimental studies with higher levels of evidence, should be published in major journals or be more referenced. However, the result described above, indicates that this type of research designs is not better valued by publishers or other research investigators than others with lower levels of evidence (descriptive studies, qualitative researches, etc.).
A priori, it would seem that the interdisciplinary nature of the research teams is directly linked with access to publication in journals indexed in higher quartiles. This fact is confirmed by finding significant relations (p = 0.027) between the quartile of the journal in which the articles were published and the number of departments focused on different areas involved in the investigation (see Fig. 8). By contrast, we did not find relation with Rao-Stirling diversity (p = 0.475); showing that the fact of accessing higher quartiles may be related to the presence of multidisciplinary teams in the investigation, which does not necessarily mean that researches show an interdisciplinary approach. Another aspect to take into account is referent to the number of articles that are included in our study, which covers until October of 2015. Because of that, it is difficult to stablish the progression in the number of papers in this year. We considered that the number of papers in the last quarter of this year (2015) continue with a increasing tendency, but, it seems that in a lineal level (not exponential as in previous years). This fact could be only estimated in studies that will be carried out in 2016.

Limitations
The results should be taken with caution given various limitations. In this sense, Yadros et al. [6] stated some limitations as: "the inaccuracies in the WoS categories used to define subdisciplinary categories may create biases in the indicators of citation impact (since citation impact is highly affected by normalisation) and may have an important effect as well in diversity measures. ", or "the inclusion or not of some control variables such as number of co-authors, institutions or article length is open to debate and these may have an effect on results. ", among others.
On the other hand, from the revised bibliography it is possible to extract that for calculating certain bibliometric indexes (as Rao-Stirling diversity), it is usual to consider a higher quantity of the number of papers than the number of them that we have considered in this work. This fact is because the main objective in our paper was to realize a systematic review and no the calculation of bibliometric indexes. The number of revised papers is considerably minor, so, it would be advisable to take with caution the results of this bibliometric index.

Conclusions
There are mHealth papers of all kinds (trials, analytical, descriptive, reviews, etc.) and its number grows at an exponential rate. This could show how technologies related to mHealth are reaching the scientific field. These technologies are reaching the population These articles are published in high impact journals. We have found them in specific journals (focused on eHealth) and in generalist health and computing journals. Generalist journals have just begun to accept research based on the application of mHealth technologies. This highlights the growing importance of this topic.
There are already studies that warn of methodological deficits in some studies in mHealth, low accuracy and no reproducibility. Studies of low precision and poor reproducibility, coupled with the low evidence, provide low degrees of recommendation of the interventions targeted and therefore low applicability. The market apps, mostly lack of scientific evidence or participation of health professionals. This should compel publishers and researchers to be more stringent on the design of experiments and in the publication of results.
Fundamentally, it is possible to extract two main conclusions from our study. First, it is evident the increased interest that publishers of scientific journals are showing to mHealth, given the steady increase in publications focusing on this issue, regardless of the subject area. Second, it seems clear that the participation of multidisciplinary teams (with a variety of professionals focused on different areas of knowledge) is not necessarily linked to the presence of interdisciplinary approaches. Finally, this interdisciplinarity plays a limited role in the impact of the papers (measured by the impact factor of the journal where they are published and the number of citations that they received), this fact could be more related to the novelty of the topic of research.