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Table 2 The energy required for causing different types of eye damage

From: Biomechanics of open-globe injury: a review

Study

Method

Eyeball

Result

Sponsel et al. [30]

Eyeball impacting

Porcine

Lens dislocation and choroidal detachment (2 J), anterior lens dislocation (4 J), iris and ciliary body root detachment (7 J), eyeball rupture (10 J)

Porcine

50% risk of eye injury: corneal contusion (1503 J/m2), lens dislocation (19,194 J/m2), hyphema (20,188 J/m2), retinal injury (30,351 J/m2), eye rupture (23,771 J/m2)

Kennedy et al. [33]

Human eyeball

50% risk of injury

Ocular rupture (35,519 J/m2)

Porcine

Ocular rupture (71,145 J/m2)

Marshall et al. [34]

Porcine

Corneal rupture (45,500 J/m2)