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Table 1 The force required for puncturing the sclera 3.5–4 mm from the limbus of cornea with different diameters

From: Biomechanics of open-globe injury: a review

Study

Eyeball

Needle

Diameter

Force (N)

Park et al. [23]

Porcine

27G

0.40

1.30 ± 0.30

30G

0.30

0.90 ± 0.30

33G

0.20

0.75 ± 0.21

Christensen et al. [26]

Porcine

19G

1.10

1.25

25G

0.50

0.89

27G

0.40

0.91

30G

0.30

0.45

32G

0.23

0.44

Pulido et al. [27]

Human eye

27G

0.40

0.61

30G

0.30

0.23

31G

0,25

0.29

Matthews et al. [24]

Human eye

18G

1.20

0.95