Table 2 Comparison of pelvic and thoracic kinematics in two AFO groups after gait training
AFO-OD | RAFO | Interaction effect | Main effect | With vs Without | AFO-OD vs RAFO | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Without | With | Without | With | AFO effect | AFO type | AFO-OD | RAFO | Without AFO | With AFO | |||
Pelvic angle | ||||||||||||
Initial contact | Forward/backward tilt (°) | − 10.432 | − 8.470 | − 10.194 | − 10.613 | 0.075 | 0.240 | 0.698 | ||||
7.315 | 6.133 | 6.591 | 6.957 | |||||||||
Lateral obliquity (°)a | 2.336 | 1.465 | 3.358 | 2.459 | 0.331 | 0.609 | 0.847 | 0.683 | ||||
3.360 | 4.448 | 2.794 | 4.770 | |||||||||
Rotation (°) | − 2.738 | 1.002 | -0.030 | − 0.133 | 0.011* | 0.012* | 0.874 | 0.348 | 0.574 | |||
6.348 | 6.220 | 5.679 | 6.032 | |||||||||
Contralateral foot off | Forward/backward tilt (°) | − 12.838 | − 10.865 | − 13.749 | − 14.377 | 0.035* | 0.072 | 0.336 | 0.686 | 0.183 | ||
7.205 | 6.231 | 7.924 | 8.366 | |||||||||
Lateral obliquity (°)a | − 3.060 | − 3.707 | − 3.402 | − 3.678 | 0.158 | 0.256 | 0.621 | 0.451 | ||||
4.988 | 4.209 | 4.851 | 5.808 | |||||||||
Rotation (°) | 3.579 | 6.701 | 3.262 | 4.684 | 0.238 | 0.003** | 0.582 | |||||
5.639 | 6.478 | 5.347 | 6.286 | |||||||||
Contralateral initial contact" | Forward/backward tilt (°) | − 13.908 | − 11.924 | − 14.968 | − 16.295 | 0.007** | 0.653 | 0.104 | 0.061 | 0.057 | ||
6.839 | 5.822 | 7.565 | 7.679 | |||||||||
Lateral obliquity (°)a | − 0.099 | − 1.150 | 0.214 | 0.445 | 0.158 | 0.609 | 0.847 | 0.621 | ||||
2.215 | 3.321 | 4.057 | 5.200 | |||||||||
Rotation (°) | 1.653 | 2.231 | 0.962 | 0.384 | 0.470 | 1.000 | 0.605 | |||||
6.546 | 6.048 | 7.808 | 6.830 | |||||||||
Foot off | Forward/backward tilt (°) | − 14.799 | − 12.465 | − 14.628 | − 14.631 | 0.072 | 0.073 | 0.678 | ||||
6.830 | 5.820 | 6.794 | 6.930 | |||||||||
Lateral obliquity (°)a | 2.566 | 1.208 | 1.671 | 1.874 | 0.074 | 0.363 | 0.505 | 0.715 | ||||
4.258 | 4.889 | 3.919 | 3.911 | |||||||||
Rotation (°)a | − 3.486 | − 3.613 | − 2.565 | − 4.739 | 0.510 | 0.820 | 0.983 | 0.354 | ||||
10.492 | 9.443 | 13.095 | 11.360 | |||||||||
Thoracic angle | ||||||||||||
Initial contact | Forward/backward tilt (°)a | 1.741 | 4.099 | 2.686 | 0.679 | 0.048* | 0.005** | 0.331 | 0.123 | |||
7.620 | 6.263 | 3.792 | 4.842 | |||||||||
Lateral obliquity (°)a | 1.517 | 1.498 | 1.374 | 1.481 | 0.925 | 1.000 | 0.847 | 1.000 | ||||
5.132 | 5.553 | 2.013 | 3.619 | |||||||||
Rotation (°) | − 3.579 | − 1.202 | − 2.675 | − 3.696 | 0.029* | 0.077 | 0.241 | 0.899 | 0.088 | |||
5.512 | 3.904 | 6.140 | 5.767 | |||||||||
Contralateral Foot off" | Forward/backward tilt (°) | − 0.670 | 1.574 | − 1.484 | − 0.813 | 0.336 | 0.081 | 0.312 | ||||
4.240 | 3.693 | 5.636 | 4.919 | |||||||||
Lateral obliquity (°) | − 3.500 | − 3.382 | − 3.444 | − 3.430 | 0.876 | 0.842 | 0.997 | |||||
1.987 | 2.928 | 3.552 | 3.046 | |||||||||
Rotation (°)a | 2.160 | 4.616 | 1.629 | 1.183 | 0.009** | 0.233 | 0.451 | 0.085 | ||||
5.612 | 5.673 | 7.938 | 6.822 | |||||||||
Contralateral initial contact | Forward/backward tilt (°) | − 2.269 | 0.335 | − 2.926 | − 2.521 | 0.164 | 0.061 | 0.239 | ||||
3.866 | 3.755 | 5.106 | 4.785 | |||||||||
Lateral obliquity (°) | − 2.911 | − 2.802 | − 2.510 | − 2.557 | 0.809 | 0.925 | 0.756 | |||||
2.415 | 2.672 | 3.466 | 2.891 | |||||||||
Rotation (°)a | 4.382 | 3.121 | 3.001 | 0.018 | 0.245 | 0.910 | 0.290 | 0.146 | ||||
7.908 | 8.535 | 9.661 | 11.634 | |||||||||
Foot off | Forward/backward tilt (°) | − 2.089 | 1.084 | − 1.795 | − 1.226 | 0.082 | 0.015* | 0.507 | ||||
4.133 | 4.465 | 4.876 | 4.363 | |||||||||
Lateral obliquity (°)a | 0.517 | 1.324 | 1.470 | 1.611 | 0.470 | 0.140 | 0.505 | 0.652 | ||||
4.130 | 4.077 | 2.414 | 2.519 | |||||||||
Rotation (°)a | − 2.008 | − 1.532 | − 2.642 | − 5.478 | 0.300 | 0.496 | 0.983 | 0.070 | ||||
6.948 | 5.527 | 15.269 | 10.447 | |||||||||