Table 3 Eligibility criteria

Participants with a diagnosis of aortic stenosis, who have undergone TAVR

The application of 3D printing for supravalvular aortic stenosis, aortic root replacement, minimally invasive aortic valve replacement or surgical aortic valve replacement

Use of preoperative imaging data from real patients, to segment cardiovascular region of interest and construct the models. This process allows the patient’s anatomy to be represented by the 3D object

Computational 3D modelling only

Application of any 3D printing method to either construct the patient’s anatomy or print a mould to cast 3D silicone parts

Studies that exclusively assess the feasibility of creating accurate and representative patient-specific 3D models from pre-procedural imaging data

Studies should

(a) use patient-specific 3D models as pre-surgical planning tools to predict the occurrence of intra- or post-procedural TAVR associated complications (e.g. PVL, coronary artery obstruction, new-onset conduction disturbances etc.) or,

(b) perform different TAV approaches (e.g. valve size, valve type, implantation depth, etc.) on models, with the aim to minimise the complication’s severity or risk of occurrence

Studies with a primary focus on using 3D models to imitate the haemodynamic changes after the deployment of the valve

The outcomes obtained through the simulation of TAVR on the 3D printed objects must be compared to the in vivo outcomes

Studies with a focus on exploring assumptions for the biophysical mechanism of complications following TAV placement

Review articles, conference abstracts, editorial comments, letters and video–audio journals

3D printed models for training cardiothoracic surgical trainees

Studies with no access to full paper

Articles not available in English language