Table 3 Summary of the clinical characteristic of the patients included in our systematic review

Ayoub, 2014, Germany [26]

Evaluation of computer-assisted mandibular reconstruction with vascularized iliac crest bone graft compared to conventional surgery: a randomized prospective clinical trial

Control: 10

3D group: 10

Control:

Osteomyelitis n = 4

Keratocyst n = 1

SCC n = 2

Osteoradionecrosis n = 1

Ameloblastoma n = 1

Osteonecrosis n = 1

3D group:

Ameloblastoma n = 3

SCC n = 3

Osteonecrosis n = 1

Osteomyelitis n = 2

Ewing sarcoma n = 1

Malignant of benign tumour removal

Clinical disorder

Disease/infection

Azuma, 2014, Japan [27]

Mandibular reconstruction using plates prebent to fit rapid prototyping 3-dimensional printing models ameliorates contour deformity

Control group: 16

3D group: 12

Control:

SCC n = 15

Osteosarcoma n = 1

3D group:

SCC n = 12

Malignant of benign tumour removal

Bartier, 2021, France [38]

Computer-assisted versus traditional technique in fibular free-flap mandibular reconstruction: a CT symmetry study

Control: 8

3D group: 25

Control:

SCC n = 3

Osteoradionecrosis n = 3

Ameloblastoma n = 1

3D group:

SCC n = 14

Osteoradionecrosis n = 7

Ameloblastoma n = 2

Sarcoma n = 1

Note: numbers do not add up

Malignant of benign tumour removal

Clinical disorder

Ciocca, 2014, Italy [28]

Accuracy of fibular sectioning and insertion into a rapid-prototyped bone plate, for mandibular reconstruction using CAD-CAM technology

Control: 5

3D group: 5

Control:

SCC n = 4

Ameloblastoma n = 1

3D group:

SCC n = 2

Ameloblastoma n = 2

Osteogenic sarcoma n = 1

Malignant of benign tumour removal

De Farias, 2014, Brazil [24]

Use of prototyping in preoperative planning for patients with head and neck tumors

Control: 20

3D group: 17

Benign and malignant mandibular tumours—numbers not specified

Malignant of benign tumour removal

De Maesschalck, 2017, Switzerland [29]

Computer-assisted versus traditional freehand technique in fibular free flap mandibular reconstruction: a morphological comparative study

Control: 11

3D group: 7

Control:

SCC n = 6

Osteoradionecrosis n = 5

3D group:

SCC n = 6

Osteoradionecrosis n = 1

Malignant of benign tumour removal

Clinical disorder

Gil, 2014, Spain [45]

Surgical planning and microvascular reconstruction of the mandible with a fibular flap using computer-aided design, rapid prototype modelling, and precontoured titanium reconstruction plates: a prospective study

Control: 10

3D group: 10

Control:

SCC n = 8

Osteoradionecrosis n = 1

Osteosarcoma n = 1

3D group:

SCC n = 4

Osteomyelitis n = 2

Osteoradionecrosis n = 2

Ameloblastoma n = 2

Malignant of benign tumour removal

Clinical disorder

Disease/infection

King, 2018, United States of America [25]

On-site 3-dimensional printing and preoperative adaptation decrease operative time for mandibular fracture repair

Control: 19

3D group: 19

Control: fracture n = 19

3D group: fracture n = 19

Injury/trauma

Liu, 2014, China [48]

Technical procedures for template-guided surgery for mandibular reconstruction based on digital design and manufacturing

Control: 8

3D group: 15

Control: not specified

3D group:

Ameloblastoma n = 7

Fibroma n = 4

Gingival carcinoma n = 4

Malignant of benign tumour removal

Mahendru, 2020, India [46]

CAD-CAM vs. conventional technique for mandibular reconstruction with free fibula flap: a comparison of outcomes

Control: 40

3D group: 40

Control:

SCC n = 36

Ameloblastoma n = 4

3D group:

SCC n = 37

Ameloblastoma n = 3

Malignant of benign tumour removal

Modabber, 2012, Germany [41]

Computer-assisted mandibular reconstruction with vascularized iliac crest bone graft

Control: 15

3D group: 5

Control:

SCC n = 6

Osteonecrosis n = 2

Osteoradionecrosis n = 2

Osteomyelitis n = 2

Gunshot wound n = 1

Ameloblastoma n = 1

Keratocyst n = 1

3D group:

SCC n = 2

Ameloblastoma n = 1

Osteosarcoma n = 1

Pseudoarthrosis n = 1

Malignant of benign tumour removal

Clinical disorder

Disease/infection

Injury/trauma

Modabber, 2012, Germany [50]

Evaluation of computer-assisted jaw reconstruction with free vascularized fibular flap compared to conventional surgery: a clinical pilot study

Control: 5

3D group: 5

Control:

SCC n = 2

Rhabdomyosarcoma n = 1

Midfacial projectile n = 1

Keratocyst n = 1

3D group:

SCC n = 1

Chondrosarcoma n = 1

Ameloblastoma n = 1

Midfacial projectile n = 2

Malignant of benign tumour removal

Injury/trauma

Naros, 2018, Germany [51]

Three-dimensional accuracy of mandibular reconstruction by patient-specific pre-bent reconstruction plates using an “in-house” 3D-printer

Control: 21

3D group: 21

Control:

SCC n = 19

Cancer (unknown primary) n = 1

Ameloblastoma n = 1

3D group:

SCC n = 19

Osteoradionecrosis n = 2

Malignant of benign tumour removal

Clinical disorder

Ramanathan, 2020, India [40]

3D planning in mandibular fractures using CAD/CAM surgical splints—a prospective randomized controlled clinical trial

Control: 15

3D group: 15

Control: fracture n = 15

3D group: fracture n = 15

Injury/trauma

Tarsitano, 2016, Italy [43]

Is a computer-assisted design and computer-assisted manufacturing method for mandibular reconstruction economically viable?

Control: 20

3D group: 20

Control:

SCC n = 14

Ameloblastoma n = 3

Osteosarcoma n = 1

Keratocyst n = 2

3D group:

SCC n = 12

Ameloblastoma n = 4

Osteosarcoma n = 2

Keratocyst n = 2

Malignant of benign tumour removal

Tarsitano, 2016, Italy [39]

Morphological results of customized microvascular mandibular reconstruction: a comparative study

Control: 30

3D group: 30

Malignant of benign tumour lesions—not specified

Malignant of benign tumour removal

Wurm, 2019, Germany [52]

The fitting accuracy of pre-bend reconstruction plates and their impact on the temporomandibular joint

Control: 20

3D group: 20

Control:

SCC n = 9

Osteoradionecrosis n = 6

Ameloblastoma n = 2

Other n = 3

3D group:

SCC n = 12

Osteoradionecrosis n = 2

Keratocyst n = 3

Other n = 3

Malignant of benign tumour removal

Clinical disorder

Yang, 2021, China [49]

Three-dimensionally printed patient-specific surgical plates increase accuracy of oncologic head and neck reconstruction versus conventional surgical plates: a comparative study

Control: 16

3D group: 17

Control:

Benign tumour = 4

Malignant tumour n = 11

Other n = 1

3D group:

Benign n = 3

Malignant n = 12

Other n = 2

Specifics not specified

Malignant of benign tumour removal

Clinical disorder

Zhang, 2011, China [47]

Application of rapid prototyping for temporomandibular joint reconstruction

Control: 24

3D group: 11

Control:

Condylar osteochondroma n = 1

Osteomyelitis n = 1

Joint ankylosis n = 16

Giant cell tumour n = 3

Condylar self-absorption n = 1

Ameloblastoma n = 1

Osteoradionecrosis n = 1

3D group:

Acquired deformity n = 1

Post-op mandible defect n = 1

Osteonecrosis n = 2

Ossifying fibroma n = 1

joint ankylosis n = 1

Osteoarthrosis n = 2

Giant cell tumour of bone n = 1

Fibrous dysplasia n = 1

Ameloblastoma n = 1

Malignant of benign tumour removal

Clinical disorder

Disease/infection

Zhang, 2016, China [53]

Improving the accuracy of mandibular reconstruction with vascularized iliac crest flap: role of computer-assisted techniques

Control: 30

3D group: 15

Control:

Ameloblastoma n = 15

Ossifying fibroma n = 7

Odontogenic myxoma n = 3

Odontogenic ghost cell tumour n = 1

Gingival carcinoma n = 3

Osteosarcoma n = 1

3D group:

Ameloblastoma n = 10

Ossifying fibroma n = 5

Malignant of benign tumour removal