Table 3 Material properties and element types of lumbar FE model components
FE sections | Young’s modulus (MPa) | Poisson’s ratio | Elements (FEM) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Cortical bone | 12,000 | 0.3 | S3 triangular shell elements | Kurutz [42] |
Cancellous bone | 100 | 0.2 | C3D8R hexahedral elements | |
Endplate | 23.8 | 0.4 | C3D8R hexahedral elements | |
Nucleus pulposus | 1 | 0.499 | C3D8R hexahedral elements | Galbusera et al. [47] |
Annulus ground substance | Mooney–Rivlin, C10 = 0.13, C01 = 0.03, D = 0.6 | C3D8R hexahedral elements | Wang et al. [54] | |
Annulus fibrosus layers | Mooney–Rivlin, C10 = 0.13, C01 = 0.03, D = 0.6 | M3D4R quadrilateral elements | ||
Fibers of layer 1 | 550 | 0.45 | Rebar | Tsouknidas et al. [45] |
Fibers of layer 2 | 495 | 0.45 | Rebar | |
Fibers of layer 3 | 440 | 0.45 | Rebar | |
Fibers of layer 4 | 420 | 0.45 | Rebar | |
Fibers of layer 5 | 385 | 0.45 | Rebar | |
Fibers of layer 6 | 360 | 0.45 | Rebar | |
Ligaments | Nonlinear stress–strain curves | – | Connectors | Naserkhaki et al. [51] |
Pedicle screws and rods | 110,000 | 0.3 | C3D8R-C3D10 hexahedral elements–quadrilateral elements | Kang et al. [5] |