Fig. 2

A Comparison of moment–rotation angle curves for biomechanics of L1–L5 lumbar spine. B Comparison of ROMs in the current FE model of L1–L5 lumbar spine with other FE models in the literature at 7.5 Nm. C Comparison of FJ loading in intact model of L1–L5 lumbar spine with in vitro and FE results in the literature