Fig. 3

Effect of lead exposed on electrical impedance spectral parameters of blood. A Impedance amplitude at low frequency (|Z|₀); B logarithm of low-frequency impedance amplitude (log|Z|₀); C the limit of the real part of impedance at high frequency (\(Z^{\prime}_{\infty }\)); D impedance amplitude at high frequency (|Z|_∞); E real-part increment of electrical impedance (\({\Delta }Z = Z^{\prime}_{0} - Z^{\prime}_{\infty }\)); F impedance amplitude increment (Δ|Z| = |Z|₀ − |Z|_∞); G peak of imaginary part of impedance (\(Z^{\prime\prime}_{{\text{p}}}\)); H, I peak of phase angle (θ_p/deg and θ_p/rad); J the 1st characteristic frequency (f₁); K the 2nd characteristic frequency (f₂); L characteristic frequency (\(f_{0} = \sqrt {f_{1} \times f_{2} }\)). Solid circles represent control group (Con.) and hollow triangles represent lead-exposed group (Exp.). *Significance at p < 0.05, **significance at p < 0.01 and ***significance at p < 0.001, ns indicates no significant difference