Table 2 The six nebulizer types used in the study, delivered dose and percentage delivered dosage for loading dose (DD/LD) and emitted dose (DD/ED) values obtained in Experiment 2 (mean \(\pm\) SD) *\(p < 0.05\) versus the JN-PARIr

ISO 27427:2013

Delivered dose (mg)

0.312 \(\pm\) 0.037

0.256 \(\pm\) 0.008*

0.281 \(\pm\) 0.008

0.353 \(\pm\) 0.012

0.417 \(\pm\) 0.015*

0.251 \(\pm\) 0.028*

DD/LD (%)

15.60 \(\pm\) 1.87

12.80 \(\pm\) 0.41*

14.06 \(\pm\) 0.38

17.68 \(\pm\) 0.59

20.86 \(\pm\) 0.74*

12.58 \(\pm\) 1.37*

DD/ED (%)

24.01 \(\pm\) 2.87

19.70 \(\pm\) 0.63*

21.63 \(\pm\) 0.59

27.20 \(\pm\) 0.91

32.09 \(\pm\) 1.14*

19.35 \(\pm\) 2.11*

Normal adult

Delivered dose (mg)

0.197 \(\pm\) 0.020

0.147 \(\pm\) 0.004*

0.171 \(\pm\) 0.009

0.210 \(\pm\) 0.008

0.247 \(\pm\) 0.013*

0.156 \(\pm\) 0.008*

DD/LD (%)

9.84 \(\pm\) 1.02

7.35 \(\pm\) 0.18*

8.53 \(\pm\) 0.46

10.50 \(\pm\) 0.38

12.38 \(\pm\) 0.64*

7.81 \(\pm\) 0.42*

DD/ED (%)

15.14 \(\pm\) 1.57

11.31 \(\pm\) 0.28*

13.12 \(\pm\) 0.71

16.16 \(\pm\) 0.59

19.04 \(\pm\) 0.98*

12.01 \(\pm\) 0.65*

Asthma

Delivered dose (mg)

0.137 \(\pm\) 0.020

0.092 \(\pm\) 0.010*

0.111 \(\pm\) 0.004*

0.155 \(\pm\) 0.002

0.217 \(\pm\) 0.007*

0.112 \(\pm\) 0.011

DD/LD (%)

6.83 \(\pm\) 1.04

4.63 \(\pm\) 0.48*

5.52 \(\pm\) 0.23*

7.75 \(\pm\) 0.10

10.88 \(\pm\) 0.36*

5.61 \(\pm\) 0.57

DD/ED (%)

10.51 \(\pm\) 1.59

7.13 \(\pm\) 0.73*

8.49 \(\pm\) 0.35*

11.92 \(\pm\) 0.15

16.74 \(\pm\) 0.56*

8.63 \(\pm\) 0.88

COPD

Delivered dose (mg)

0.130 \(\pm\) 0.012

0.088 \(\pm\) 0.010*

0.108 \(\pm\) 0.011

0.114 \(\pm\) 0.008

0.176 \(\pm\) 0.028*

0.093 \(\pm\) 0.008*

DD/LD (%)

6.48 \(\pm\) 0.60

4.42 \(\pm\) 0.49*

5.56 \(\pm\) 0.21

5.73 \(\pm\) 0.41

8.84 \(\pm\) 1.42*

4.66 \(\pm\) 0.38*

DD/ED (%)

9.97 \(\pm\) 0.92

6.80 \(\pm\) 0.74*

8.56 \(\pm\) 0.32

8.82 \(\pm\) 0.63

13.59 \(\pm\) 2.19

7.18 \(\pm\) 0.59*