Table 1 The six nebulizer types used in the study, delivered doses and percentage delivered dosage for loading dose (DD/LD) and emitted dose (DD/ED) values obtained in Experiment 1 (mean ± SD) *\(p < 0.05\) versus the JN-PARIr; JN-PARIr: PARI BOY SX + LC SPRINT—red nozzle, JN-PARIb: PARI BOY SX + LC SPRINT—blue nozzle, SMN-U150: NE-U150, SMN-U22: NE-U22, VMN-SM1: NE-SM1 NEPLUS, VMN-SM3: NE-SM3

0.403 ± 0.010

0.277 ± 0.014*

0.416 ± 0.005

0.420 ± 0.016

0.589 ± 0.012*

0.389 ± 0.011

20.17 ± 0.51

13.83 ± 0.70*

20.78 ± 0.24

21.01 ± 0.80

29.48 ± 0.60*

19.45 ± 0.56

27.61 ± 0.70

20.18 ± 1.02*

21.85 ± 0.25*

26.62 ± 1.02

29.61 ± 0.61*

19.60 ± 0.57*

0.251 ± 0.007

0.163 ± 0.010*

0.305 ± 0.024*

0.281 ± 0.012

0.419 ± 0.018*

0.244 ± 0.004

12.59 ± 0.37

8.13 ± 0.50*

15.25 ± 1.20

14.06 ± 0.61

20.94 ± 0.88*

12.21 ± 0.71

17.24 ± 0.51

11.86 ± 0.72*

16.02 ± 1.27

17.81 ± 0.77

21.03 ± 0.88*

12.30 ± 0.71*

0.186 ± 0.022

0.106 ± 0.015*

0.106 ± 0.015*

0.199 ± 0.013

0.353 ± 0.011*

0.157 ± 0.015

9.28 ± 1.17

5.34 ± 0.76*

5.34 ± 0.76*

9.97 ± 0.68

17.65 ± 0.54*

7.83 ± 0.74

12.70 ± 1.51

7.79 ± 1.11*

7.79 ± 1.11*

12.62 ± 0.87

17.73 ± 0.54*

7.89 ± 0.75*

0.144 ± 0.010

0.097 ± 0.002*

0.097 ± 0.002*

0.170 ± 0.025

0.259 ± 0.002*

0.137 ± 0.011

7.22 ± 0.49

4.85 ± 0.11*

4.85 ± 0.11*

8.51 ± 1.26

12.96 ± 0.11*

6.85 ± 0.56

9.88 ± 0.66

7.07 ± 0.15*

7.07 ± 0.15*

10.79 ± 1.59

13.02 ± 0.11*

6.90 ± 0.56*