From: How muscle stiffness affects human body model behavior
Source | Elastic properties (kPa) | Viscosity (Pa * s) | Sample | Measurement technology |
---|---|---|---|---|
Basford et al. (2002) [65] | Shear modulus G 16.16 ± 00.19 kPa (tissue stiffness defined as equal to G in study) | No data | Musculus gastrocnemius (human) | Magnetic Resonance Elastography (MRE) |
Chen et al. (1996) [66] | Young’s modulus 2.12 ± 0.91 kPa (ultrasound) 1.53 ± 0.31 kPa (Instron) | No data | Musculus longissimus (bovine) | Ultrasound and Instron methods |
Chen et al. (2009) [67] | 29Â kPa (along the muscle fiber) 12Â kPa (across the muscle fiber) | 9.9Â Pa*s (along fiber) 5.7Â Pa*s (across fiber) | Striated muscle fibers [in vitro] (bovine) | Shearwave dispersion ultrasound vibrometry (SDUV) |
Debernard et al. (2013) [68] | Shear modulus G 3.67 ± 0.71 kPa (VM, passive) 11.29 ± 1.04 kPa (VM, 20% activity) 6.89 ± 1.27 kPa (SR, passive) 1.61 ± 0.37 kPa (adipose) | 4.5 ± 1.64 Pa*s (VM, passive) 12.14 ± 1.47 Pa*s (VM, 20% activity) 6.63 ± 1.27 Pa*s (SR, passive) | Musculus vastus medialis (VM) Musculus sartorius (SR) Subcutaneous (connective) and adipose tissue | Multifrequency magnetic resonance elastography (MMRE) |
Dresner et al. (2001) [69] | Shear stiffness G 23.8 ± 6.68 kPa (bovine) Ø 27.3 kPa (range: 8 – 34 kPa) (human) | No data | Muscle tissue (ex vivo) (bovine) Musculus biceps brachii (human) | MRE |
Eby et al. (2013) [70] | Shear modulus G 5.81 kPa (at 90° elbow angle) | No data | Musculus brachialis (porcine, whole muscle specimen) | Shear wave elastography (SWE) |
Gennisson et al. (2010) [71] (referenced by Eby et al. (2013) [70]) | 5.4 kPa (at 90° elbow angle) 29.54 kPa (at 165° elbow angle) | No data | Musculus biceps (human) | Noninvasive supersonic shear imaging technique |
Hoyt et al. (2008) [72] | Shear modulus G 5.87Â kPa (relaxed, RF, V1) 11.17Â kPa (contracted, RF, V1) 5.33Â kPa (relaxed, RF, V2) 9.70Â kPa (contracted, RF, V2) 6.09Â kPa (relaxed, BB, V1) 8.42Â kPa (contracted, BB, V1) 8.68Â kPa (relaxed, BB, V2) 11.88Â kPa (contracted, BB, V2) 4.45Â kPa (BF, V1) 4.98Â kPa (MG, V1) | 9.14Â Pa*s (relaxed, RF, V1) 11.88Â Pa*s (contracted, RF, V1) 9.72Â Pa*s (relaxed, RF, V2) 11.60Â Pa*s (contracted, RF, V2) 10.55Â Pa*s (relaxed, BB, V1) 11.90Â Pa*s (contracted, BB, V1) 9.73Â Pa*s (relaxed, BB, V2) 13.22Â Pa*s (contracted, BB, V2) 9.13Â Pa*s (BF, V1) 9.26Â Pa*s (MG, V1) | Musculus rectus femoris (RF) Musculus biceps femoris (BF) Musculus gastrocnemius (MG) Musculus biceps brachii (BB) (human) Two volunteers (V1, V2) | Sonoelastography |
Myers et al. (1998) [25] | Young’s modulus E 1750 ± 1180 kPa (passive, 1/s) 2450 ± 800 kPa (passive, 10/s) 2790 ± 670 kPa (passive, 25/s) 970 ± 340 MPa (active, average strain rates) | No data | Musculus tibialis anterior (New Zealand white rabbit) Active: 19.3 N, nerve excitation, resulting tetanic true stress level | 1750 Actuator displacement measured via linear variable differential transformer Optical data recorded |
Krouskop et al. (1987)[26] | Young ‘s modulus 6.21 ± 0.48 kPa (relaxed) 35.85 ± 1.38 kPa (mild, supporting 2.26 kg weight) 108.94 ± 2.07 kPa (maximum) | No data | (human adult missing his lower right leg, from above knee) Six volunteers Measurement at the femur M. vastus intermedius/M. rectus femoris | Doppler ultrasonic system and Instron |
Levinson et al. (1995)[27] | Young’s modulus 30 Hz measurement: 79 ± 29 kPa 103 ± 26 kPa 126 ± 26 kPa For corresponding loads of 0 kg, 7.5 kg and 15 kg 60 Hz measurement: 25 ± 6.75 kPa 75 ± 61 kPa 127 ± 65 kPa For corresponding loads of 0 kg, 7.5 kg and 15 kg | Unable to quantify viscosity | Musculus quadriceps femoris Ten volunteers 30 Hz measurement: (human) | Sonoelastography |
Ringleb et al. (2007) [73] | Shear stiffness 3.7Â kPa (1D) and 4.4Â kPa (2D) (relaxed) 9.5Â kPa (1D) and 9.22Â kPa (2D) (20% of maximum voluntary contraction) | No data | Musculus vastus medialis Five volunteers (human) | MRE correlated to electromyographic data 1D and 2D measurement techniques |
Shinohara et al. (2010) [29] | Young’s modulus 40.6 ± 1.0 kPa (relaxed) 258.1 ± 15.0 kPa (30% voluntary contraction) 16.5 ± 1.0 kPa (relaxed) 225.4 ± 41.0 kPa 30% voluntary contraction) 14.5 ± 2.0 kPa (relaxed) 55.0 ± 5.0 kPa (30% voluntary contraction) | No data | Human volunteer (age 42) Musculus tibialis anterior Musculus gastrocnemius Musculus soleus | Ultrasound shear wave imaging |
Urban and Greenleaf (2009) [74] | Shear elasticity 12.65 kPa (along the fiber) 5.32 kPa (across the fiber) | Shear viscosity 2.91 Pa*s (along the fiber) 1.05 Pa*s (across the fiber) | Muscle fibers of muscle tissue (Porcine, ex vivo) | Ultrasonic pulse-echo method Tonebursts of 3.0 MHz with lengths of Tb = 200 µs repeated at a rate of 100 Hz |
Urban et al. (2009) [75] | Shear elasticity 11.98 ± 0.43 kPa (200 µs) 12.50 ± 0.17 kPa (400 µs) (along fibers) 5.11 ± 0.11 kPa (200 µs) 4.99 ± 0.06 kPa (400 µs) (across fibers) | Shear viscosity 3.51 ± 0.21 Pa*s (200 µs) 2.92 ± 0.09 Pa*s (400 µs) (along fibers) 1.26 ± 0.11 Pa*s (200 µs) 1.57 ± 0.05 Pa*s (400 µs) (across fibers) | Muscle fibers of muscle tissue (porcine, ex vivo) | Ultrasonic pulse-echo method Tonebursts of 3.0 MHz with lengths of Tb = 200 µs and Tb = 400 µs repeated at a rate of 100 Hz |