Technique | Excitation spectra | Frame rate (Hz) | Achievable spatial resolution (μm) | Penetration depth (mm) | Functional information | Real morphologic image | Whether the probe is in direct contact with the tissue surface while operating | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HSI | Visible & Near-IR |  > 30 |  < 250 | 1 | ✔ | ✔ | – | ||
FLIM | UV-Blue | 20–120 |  < 50 |  < 0.1 | ✔ | ✔ | Non-contact | ||
PAE | Visible & Near-IR | 2–5 | 10 |  > 1 | ✔ | ✔ | Contact | ||
OCT | Near-IR |  < 50 |  < 3 | 2–4 | ✘ | ✔ | Non-contact | ||
CARS | Near-IR | 0.01–0.2 |  < 3 |  > 1 | ✔ | ✔ | Non-contact | ||
TPEF/ SHG | Near-IR | 1–8 |  < 1 | 0.2–0.3 | ✔ | ✔ | Contact or non-contact | ||
3PEF/ THG | Near-IR | 0.05–0.1 | 1 | 0.2–0.7 | ✔ | ✔ | Contact or non-contact | ||
DRS | Visible | 0.02–2 | – |  < 1 | ✘ | ✘ | Contact | ||
LSS | Visible | 0.02–0.05 | – |  < 1 | ✘ | ✘ | Non-contact | ||
a/LCI | Near-IR | 1–4 | – |  < 0.5 | ✘ | ✘ | Contact | ||
RS | Near-IR | 0.1–10 | – |  > 1 | ✔ | ✘ | Contact |