Fig. 3

Temperature surface plot around ablated tissues for Study 2. a Control and b with the cooling device at 5 °C for 30 W RF power. Fraction of damage surface plot around ablated tissues for Study 2 c Control and d with the cooling device at 5 °C for 30 W RF power after 20 s ablation time. The subdomains are marked by letters in black circles: c catheter body; d catheter tip; e blood; f myocardium; g pericardium (fat layer); h esophagus; i cooling device wall; j cooling device water