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Table 3 Sway measures (RMS, MV, f95, ∆tc) and model parameters (KP, KD, KI, Kn, τd) of patients with PD, at pre-, week 2, week 4, and post-training, in F-tasks (FO: stance on foam with eyes open, and FC: stance on foam with eyes closed)

From: Postural control learning dynamics in Parkinson’s disease: early improvement with plateau in stability, and continuous progression in flexibility and mobility

Task

PD patients (n = 20)

ANOVA

P value

(F-value)

Effect size

Tukey P value for post-hoc comparisons

Sway measures/model parameters

Pre (T1)

Week 2 (T2)

Week 4 (T3)

Post (T4)

T1–T2

T1–T3

T1–T4

T2–T3

T2–T4

T3–T4

FO

 RMS (mm)

10.72 ± 2.89

9.20 ± 2.47

9.73 ± 2.21

9.37 ± 1.98

0.041 (2.94)

0.134

0.105

0.397

0.227

0.674

0.987

0.840

 MV (mm/s)

19.80 ± 6.52

19.17 ± 6.30

19.89 ± 5.82

18.51 ± 4.70

0.616 (0.603)

0.031

0.944

1.000

0.631

0.933

0.937

0.629

 f95 (Hz)

1.05 ± 0.24

1.12 ± 0.22

1.31 ± 0.33*†

1.32 ± 0.35*

0.0001 (8.11)

0.299

0.549

0.016

0.020

0.026

0.059

0.996

 ∆tc (s)

1.58 ± 0.44

1.43 ± 0.45

1.21 ± 0.25*

1.31 ± 0.28*

0.003 (5.35)

0.220

0.648

0.006

0.043

0.116

0.666

0.308

 KP (N.m/deg)

18.52 ± 4.34

18.69 ± 5.21

20.49 ± 5.78

19.75 ± 5.21

0.021 (3.50)

0.156

0.992

0.123

0.276

0.237

0.397

0.299

 KD (N.m.s/deg)

5.23 ± 1.65

5.12 ± 1.46

5.34 ± 1.17

5.49 ± 1.33

0.602 (0.625)

0.032

0.990

0.990

0.844

0.824

0.088

0.868

 KI (N.m/deg/s)

1.93 ± 1.21

1.96 ± 1.36

1.88 ± 0.82

1.89 ± 1.17

0.986 (0.048)

0.003

1.000

0.992

0.999

0.983

0.995

1.000

 Kn

803.6 ± 262

787.5 ± 259

804.8 ± 172

817.5 ± 208

0.920 (0.164)

0.009

0.988

1.000

0.983

0.981

0.934

0.980

 τd (ms)

134.8 ± 34.8

125.1 ± 27.2

123.8 ± 31.7

111.9 ± 23.8

0.032 (3.15)

0.142

0.554

0.680

0.072

0.998

0.053

0.295

FC

 RMS (mm)

14.14 ± 2.83

13.40 ± 3.34

12.46 ± 2.33*

12.40 ± 2.81*

0.013 (3.90)

0.170

0.636

0.018

0.039

0.532

0.427

0.999

 MV (mm/s)

29.15 ± 7.83

26.56 ± 7.57

28.07 ± 8.34

26.40 ± 7.22

0.096 (2.22)

0.105

0.128

0.845

0.171

0.548

0.999

0.670

 f95 (Hz)

1.23 ± 0.34

1.21 ± 0.24

1.42 ± 0.34†

1.44 ± 0.43

0.002 (5.81)

0.234

0.974

0.065

0.106

0.014

0.076

0.988

 ∆tc (s)

1.43 ± 0.40

1.27 ± 0.26

1.18 ± 0.17

1.11 ± 0.15*

0.001 (6.59)

0.258

0.221

0.061

0.016

0.488

0.091

0.576

 KP (N.m/deg)

18.82 ± 4.43

18.69 ± 5.10

20.34 ± 4.82*

20.12 ± 5.30

0.046 (2.84)

0.130

0.999

0.042

0.105

0.277

0.415

0.971

 KD (N.m.s/deg)

5.17 ± 1.54

5.29 ± 1.93

5.27 ± 1.57

5.80 ± 1.43

0.120 (2.03)

0.097

0.950

0.967

0.051

1.000

0.580

0.256

 KI (N.m/deg/s)

2.14 ± 1.19

2.14 ± 1.08

1.97 ± 1.07

2.51 ± 1.54

0.317 (1.20)

0.060

1.000

0.935

0.614

0.934

0.652

0.248

 Kn

1273 ± 499

1113 ± 493

1153 ± 415

1145 ± 372

0.298 (1.26)

0.062

0.510

0.290

0.608

0.967

0.969

1.000

 τd (ms)

122.8 ± 37.8

124.6 ± 62.8

125.1 ± 48.5

125.1 ± 46.5

0.994 (0.026)

0.001

0.998

0.996

0.995

1.000

1.000

1.000

  1. Values are reported as mean ± standard deviation. Significant P values are in italics
  2. T1 to T4 refer to pre-, week 2, week 4, and post-training, respectively
  3. *Significantly different from pre-training (P < 0.05); †significantly different from week 2 (P < 0.05)
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