Fig. 1

Human AF simulations. a Single reentry source with cycle length (CL) ≈ 140 ms. b Single focal source with CL ≈ 150 ms. c Figure-of-eight reentry with CL ≈ 180 ms. d Reentry source in two-layer model with CL ≈ 140 ms. e Rotor source anchored to a 2.25-cm² myocardial patchy scar (indicated by a red dashed box), CL ≈ 245 ms. f Stable fibrillatory cluster of rotors, CL ≈ 170 ms. g Single reentry source in 3D real anatomy with CL ≈ 170 ms. h Single focal source in 3D real anatomy with CL ≈ 250 ms. The black tracings indicate the tip of the meandering source trajectory with longer lifespans. The colors represent the transmembrane voltage by the color scale in mV. LPV left pulmonary vein, RPV right pulmonary vein