Table 1 Methodological characteristic-based comparison among the existing imaging modalities [68,69,70,71]
From: Imaging modalities to diagnose carotid artery stenosis: progress and prospect
| Diagnostic test | Methodology | Advantage | Limitations/drawbacks |
|---|---|---|---|
| Computed tomography angiography (CTA) |
Use of high-dose X-rays to get a detailed picture of the vascular system and its functioning Patients may also have a dye injected to make it easier to spot blockages |
The exam is quick 3D results Able to identify a wide variety of abnormalities |
Risk associated with radiation exposure and contrast use (e.g. allergic reaction, contrast-induced nephropathy) Incidental findings may lead to unnecessary further tests Presence of vessel calcification leads to an inaccurate stenosis estimation Large area is needed to house the equipment |
| Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) | Make use of large magnets and radio waves to take pictures of internal organs like heart and arteries | Does not involve exposure to ionizing radiation |
Not safe for patients with implants that are not MRI-conditional Time consuming Not suitable for patient with claustrophobia Not widely available Contrast associated adverse reaction (e.g. nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in patients with kidney impairment) |
| Duplex ultrasound (DUS) | To check the blood flow to the brain for a probable plaque formation in the carotid artery | Reasonable tool in picking up carotid atherosclerosis |
Require trained personnel to perform and interpret Reflect the presence of systemic atherosclerosis |