Table 1 Values of parameters used in the simulation

D _v

Outer diameter of venous graft [9]

6.2 mm

d _v

Internal diameter of venous graft [9]

6.13 mm

h _v

Thickness of venous wall [9]

0.035 mm

D _a

Outer diameter of host artery [9]

5.2 mm

d _a

Internal diameter of host artery [9]

4.5 mm

h _a

Thickness of arterial wall [9]

0.35 mm

Ρ

Density of blood [15]

1050 kg/m³

µ

Viscosity of blood [15]

3.5 × 10⁻³ kg/m s

L _pend,artery

Hydraulic conductivity of arterial endothelium

3.5551 × 10⁻¹² m/s Pa

L _pend,vein

Hydraulic conductivity of venous endothelium

Case A: 3.9091 × 10⁻¹¹ m/s Pa

Case B: 1.4457 × 10⁻¹¹ m/s Pa

Case C: (2.522 × 10⁻¹¹) × WSS^(1/10) + 1.532 × 10⁻¹¹

µ _{w, artery}

Viscosity of plasma in arterial wall [23]

0.72 × 10⁻³ kg/m s

µ _{w, vein}

Viscosity of plasma in venous wall [23]

0.72 × 10⁻³ kg/m s

K _{w, artery}

Hydraulic permeability of subendothelial wall of artery

1.3438 × 10⁻¹⁸ m²

K _{w, vein}

Hydraulic permeability of subendothelial wall of vein

1.4572 × 10⁻¹⁸ m²

D _l

LDL diffusion coefficient in luminal blood [18]

5.898 × 10⁻¹² m²/s

D _{w, artery}

LDL diffusion coefficient in arterial wall [17, 24]

1.42 × 10⁻¹² m²/s

D _{w, vein}

LDL diffusion coefficient in venous wall [17, 24]

1.42 × 10⁻¹² m²/s

P _{end, artery}

Arterial endothelial permeability [17, 24]

5.21 × 10⁻¹⁰ m/s

P _{end, vein}

Venous endothelial permeability [17, 24]

5.21 × 10⁻¹⁰ m/s

σ _{f, artery}

Solvent reflection coefficient in arterial wall [23, 25]

0.997

σ _{f, vein}

Solvent reflection coefficient in venous wall [23, 25]

0.997

K _{lag, artery}

Solute lag coefficient in arterial wall [17, 24]

0.1486

K _{lag, vein}

Solute lag coefficient in venous wall [17, 24]

0.1486

r _{w, artery}

LDL chemical reaction rate in arterial wall [17, 24]

− 6.05 × 10⁻⁴ s⁻¹

r _{w, vein}

LDL chemical reaction rate in venous wall [17, 24]

− 6.05 × 10⁻⁴ s⁻¹