Table 1 Main applications of Windkessel models, 1D models and tube-load models

Windkessel models

Estimation of cardiac output

[32, 94]

Estimation of total peripheral resistance

[112]

Estimation of total arterial compliance

[30, 33, 113]

Estimation of aortic input impedance

[114, 115]

Estimation of stroke volume

[116, 117]

Estimation of central aortic pressure

[22, 23, 44,45,46,47,48]

Providing outflow boundary condition

[34, 50, 60, 97]

Physiological simulation of circulatory system

[118,119,120]

Pathological simulation of circulatory system

[121,122,123]

1D models

Simulation of pulse wave propagation dynamics

[18, 34, 97, 124,125,126,127]

Wave intensity analysis

[128,129,130]

Estimation of central aortic pressure

[24, 25, 68, 69]

Assessing the performance of algorithms and indexes

[131,132,133]

Tube-load models

Estimation of pulse wave transit time/velocity

[21, 81, 134, 135]

Calculation of forward and backward waves

[77, 136, 137]

Estimation of artery stenosis and stiffness

[134, 138]

Prediction of the change of vessel diameter

[139]

Estimation of central aortic pressure

[26, 27, 71,72,73,74, 90, 93]