Fig. 4

Transmission line equivalent circuit. a Arterial segment of unit length; b transmission line segment. Where \(Z_{input}\) is the input impedance, \(Z_L\) is the terminal impedance, \(\gamma = \sqrt{(R+jwL)(G+jwC)}\) is the propagation constant and \(Z_c= \sqrt{(R+jwL)/(G+jwC)}\) is the characteristic impedance. When the transmission line is lossless (\(R=G=0\)), \(\gamma = w \sqrt{LC}\) and \(Z_c= \sqrt{L/C}\)