Fig. 6
From: Finite state machine implementation for left ventricle modeling and control
The outlined approach was effective at simulating Heart Failure with Normal Ejection Fraction (HFNEF) and the Control developed by means of a preload reduction analysis conducted in 2008 by Westermann et al. [50] and presented in Fig. 1 of their investigation. The ESPVR, Ea, and EDPVR curve coefficients were developed utilizing DataThief to find the associated LVESP, LVESV, LVEDP, and LVEDV for the initial and final loops, as well as evaluate the EDPVR curve. These datasets were analyzed over a 10 s total simulation time and for each simulation is the LV-PV loop; LVP, LAP, and AoP versus time; and volume versus time graphs. a presents the Control where the slope and y-intercept of Ea was divided into evenly-spaced increments to constitute 4 intermediate discrete steps between the initial and final cycle parameters. HFNEF is presented in b. The slope and y-intercept of Ea was also divided into evenly-spaced increments to constitute 4 intermediate discrete steps between the initial and final cycle parameters. For both simulations, the results produced an error of less than 1 mmHg and 1 mL for all targeted datasets and reflect a mean heart rate [bpm] within the range of mean values noted in the reference material. The reference force [N] produced by the FSM as well as the piston position [cm] can be derived from these time graphs