Translation of robot-assisted rehabilitation to clinical service: a comparison of the rehabilitation effectiveness of EMG-driven robot hand assisted upper limb training in practical clinical service and in clinical trial with laboratory configuration for chronic stroke

Table 4 The clinical assessments of each group

Assessment	Group	Mean value (95% confidence interval)		Paired t test	1-way ANCOVA
Assessment	Group	PRE	POST	P (Cohen’s d)	P (Partial η2)
FMA_{full score}	Clinic	13.75 (8.09–19.41)	30.31 (23.88–36.75)	0.000 ( − 1.45)***	0.550 (0.012)
FMA_{full score}	Lab	17.50 (9.95–25.05)	30.88 (23.92–37.83)	0.000 ( − 1.46)***	0.550 (0.012)
FMA_{shoulder/elbow}	Clinic	10.31 (6.28–14.34)	20.31 (16.18–24.44)	0.000 ( − 1.35)***	0.782 (0.003)
FMA_{shoulder/elbow}	Lab	12.44 (7.25–17.63)	21.06 (16.16–25.97)	0.000 ( − 1.18)***	0.782 (0.003)
FMA_wrist/hand	Clinic	3.44 (1.37–5.51)	10.00 (7.52–12.48)	0.000 ( − 1.36)***	0.333 (0.032)
FMA_wrist/hand	Lab	5.06 (2.34–7.78)	9.81 (6.75–12.87)	0.000 ( − 1.35)***	0.333 (0.032)
ARAT	Clinic	3.81 (− 0.30 to 7.92)	14.50 (9.56–19.44)	0.000 ( − 1.22)***	0.175 (0.063)
ARAT	Lab	11.69 (5.66–17.72)	18.06 (11.43–24.69)	0.000 ( − 1.44)***	0.175 (0.063)
FIM	Clinic	56.63 (52.05–61.20)	62.13 (59.41–64.84)	0.004 ( − 0.86)**	Nil
FIM	Lab	58.50 (51.53–65.47)	60.00 (53.39–66.61)	0.161 ( − 0.37)	Nil
MAS_Finger	Clinic	1.70 (1.32–2.08)	0.95 (0.68–1.22)	0.000 (1.12)***	0.622 (0.009)
MAS_Finger	Lab	1.34 (0.81–1.87)	0.91 (0.52–1.31)	0.085 (0.46)	0.622 (0.009)
MAS_Wrist	Clinic	1.65 (1.18–2.12)	0.91 (0.56–1.26)	0.001 (0.97)***	0.443 (0.020)
MAS_Wrist	Lab	1.10 (0.77–1.43)	0.80 (0.45–1.15)	0.075 (0.48)	0.443 (0.020)
MAS_Elbow	Clinic	1.91 (1.54–2.28)	1.18 (0.82–1.53)	0.001 (1.08)***	0.892 (0.001)
MAS_Elbow	Lab	1.21 (0.77–1.66)	0.76 (0.40–1.12)	0.013 (0.71)*	0.892 (0.001)

The mean and 95% confidence intervals for each measurement of the clinical assessments, and the probabilities with the estimated effect sizes of the statistical analyses. Intragroup differences with statistical significance are marked with ‘*’ (“*” for paired t-tests). Significant levels are indicated as, 1 asterisk for < 0.05, 2 asterisks for ≤ 0.01, and 3 asterisks for ≤ 0.001

ISSN: 1475-925X