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Table 3 The pre-clinical assessments of each group

From: Translation of robot-assisted rehabilitation to clinical service: a comparison of the rehabilitation effectiveness of EMG-driven robot hand assisted upper limb training in practical clinical service and in clinical trial with laboratory configuration for chronic stroke

Clinical score

Clinic Group

Lab group

P values (Cohen’s d)

FMAfull score

13.75 ± 11.44

17.50 ± 15.26

0.438 (0.28)

FMAshoulder/elbow

10.31 ± 8.14

12.44 ± 10.48

0.527 (0.23)

FMAwrist/hand

3.44 ± 4.18

5.06 ± 5.50

0.354 (0.33)

ARAT

3.81 ± 8.30

11.69 ± 12.18

0.041 (0.76)*

FIM

56.63 ± 9.25

58.50 ± 14.09

0.660 (0.16)

MASfinger

1.70 ± 0.76

1.34 ± 1.08

0.279 (0.39)

MASwrist

1.65 ± 0.95

1.10 ± 0.66

0.066 (0.67)

MASelbow

1.91 ± 0.74

1.21 ± 1.10

0.044 (0.75)*

  1. The mean and standard deviations (SD) for each measurement of the pre-clinical assessments, and the probabilities with the estimated effect sizes of the statistical analyses. Intergroup differences with statistical significance are marked with ‘*’ (P < 0.05, independent t-tests)
  2. FMA Fugl-Meyer Assessment, ARAT Action Research Arm Test, FIM functional independence measure, MAS Modified Ashworth Scale
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